'Accounting theory and methodology are a waste of time'. Critically Essay

'Accounting theory and methodology are a waste of time'. Critically evaluate this statement and provide examples to illusrate your answer - Essay Example There is no practice that can succeed without a very strong theoretical base. There are rules and principles that have been developed and they are based upon past practices of successful accountants. A lot has changed in accounting due to the rapid changes in economic and social environments. Some of the principles and rules that were developed earlier on are longer applicable. Thus accountants are faced with new problems that can not be solved with the traditional explanations of accounting. New areas are emerging in accounting such as social accounting, inflation accounting and human resource accounting (Porwal 7). Methodology is important in creating an accounting theory. There are two methods of reasoning that are applied in accounting research methodologies; inductive and deductive. The two reasoning are as a result of differences in values, opinions and approaches between accounting research and accounting practice (Porwal 8). There are two types of accounting theories; the proposal or the normative type and the descriptive or the positive type. The normative type proposes alternative ways of accounting, for example, alternative method of assets valuation either by the market value or the present value. The positive type analyses and explains the existing modes of accounting, for, example, the real functions and social significance of today’s accounting systems (Fujita and Jinnai 283). Development of accounting theories began in the early 1900. The first attempt has been attributed to William Paton and John Canning. Paton was among the first people to propose the inclusion of the changes in the value of liabilities and assets in financial statements. The changes were to be measured on a current value basis. Canning’s framework of asset valuation was based on future expectations and a model to match expenses and revenues. DR Scott made contributions to the development of normative theory. His views are reflected in publications â€Å"The Basis

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Intro Speech Self-Evaluation Essay There was a bit of a confusion between us; she explained to me that the assignment was that we each had to write about each other and then switch papers and read it in class. This didn’t sound right to me because the way I understood the assignment was that I had to write about her and she had to write about myself. This ended up being the case since I told the professor our little situation and agreed with my explanation of the assignment. I could of improved in having better communication with my partner and emailing the professor before the due date to help us with our doubts. I also didn’t have much time to practice my speech due to a busy weekend. I only had about 2 hours on Monday night to practice in front of an audience. This led me to actually be nervous and a bit anxious over this speech, especially with the disagreeing over the actual instructions of this assignment. On my paper, it is stated that my speech was only 52 seconds which was very short compared to the 1.5 minutes that we had to achieve. For my next speech I now know that I have to slow down when speaking which is linked to having practice time especially in front of people. This assignment really made me feel a bit more comfortable with public speaking which really made me happy because it made me realize this class won’t be so hard if I really practice and follow the information in our textbook and lessons given by the professor.

Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Essay -- Environmental, Environm

Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Environmental issues are becoming a growing concern for the world as well as for the world's leaders. Pollution, littering and the burning of fossil fuels are all problems that have drastically affected humans over the past few years. Impure drinking water, radiation, less ecological diversity and cancer are a few of such harms that the world has experienced. However, one of the most prominent concerns is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, a natural occurrence, is turning deadly with the introduction of humans and carbon emissions and is slowly heating up the world. In future years this could cause catastrophic consequences. Rising global temperatures threatens the very existence of the world's population, making global warming an issue that has no territorial boundaries, every country is contributing to the problem and will inevitably suffer the consequences. As this is a global problem the interest of many world leaders was brought fourth. Eventually they came together to address this dilemma and come up with a solution to it. What officials are currently at odds with is how to implement the protocol that was reached in Kyoto Japan in 1997. This protocol made by world leaders is one of the first world wide efforts to try and resolve current environmental problems. The ratification of which, would have a huge beneficial impact on generations to come. The Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3) was held in Kyoto, Japan from the first to the tenth of December 1997. The conference had more than 2,500 participants, 3,000 Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) and 4,000 press representatives in attendance. Discussions l... ...sultations. Despite world efforts Bush still claimed that the protocol is "fatally flawed," and bad for the economy. The European Union has been highly active in the efforts to get the protocol ratified and in working order. British environmentalist Michael Meacher said, "It's a beautiful day for the environment. It's a huge leap to have achieved a result on this very complex international negotiation." Up to this date 30 countries have ratified the pact. This very complex world issue is something which desperately needed, and got, attention. The future of the world and the existence of all living things are at stake. The Kyoto Protocol is on attempt to create a more environmentally sound world. There are flaws and the U.S. remains unchanging it its decision not to ratify it but a step has been taken and without a first step nothing will ever get very far.

Will lowering the drinking age solve the problem

Drinking on College Campuses Beer bongs, keg stands, and a million new drinks to discover, these are what college is all about. First-year students are introduced to a whole new world of parties that last until 3 a. m. and drinking beer for the usual breakfast. The week consists of concentrating on school for about 4 days of the week and partying 3 days. The money that was supposed to go towards books and gas to get home has been hoarded for the latest beer run or was used to get into the bar. This trend is getting into the habit of drinking as you enter college; it seems the two go hand in hand.It has become a rite of passage that weaved its way into the introduction of university life (National Institute, October 2002). Those students who never drank in high school seem to think drinking is suddenly okay when they start studying for their bachelor's degree. This addition of responsibility is then balanced by the act of partying. It seems completely absurd that students choose to dr ink while investing around $20,000 a year in school. It all starts at high school graduation. Drinking is suddenly endorsed, or protested less, by parents, coaches, adults, organizations, and businesses.When seniors in high school finally graduate, it is common for a party to be thrown in their honor. Some of these parties include alcohol, and we can be pretty sure it wasn't bought by the graduate unless they flunked a few times and are of legal age. Parents, other adults, and older friends supply the liquor and beer for the underage partiers. When the graduates make the next major step in their life and head for college, they are confronted with many opportunities to get hammered, sloshed, annihilated, drunk, inebriated, intoxicated, wasted, and totally smashed.Other college students re eager to help their young, new friends out by taking them for a trip to the liquor store. Since some bars are legal to those over the age of eighteen, it's not a problem getting served there either. The 21 year-olds are conveniently stamped for minors looking to spot a potential buyer. Since a minor isn't worried about getting served, the most apparent problem is getting to the bar. One setting of this national trend can be studied locally. At Buena Vista University, these same events occur, plus additional more specific examples.At BVU, thanks to student organizations and funding from the college, there is a free ide for all. The â€Å"drunk bus† is a means of transportation supplied by the university and Student Senate, an important organization on campus. This form of transportation is common on a variety ot campuses. Visitors ot The University ot Iowa can see they have buses run all day for classes, and they continue into the night to bring students to and from the bar. The driver at Iowa even sets up a disco ball and funky lights to make the ride more enjoyable for his late-night friends.The free ride is also a form of support for those consuming alcohol. Advertise ments for drinking are all over residence halls. The choice of wallpaper in many dorm rooms consists of beer boxes and fluorescent Budweiser lights. Beer and liquor bottles are a usual decoration in most dorms; theyre used as vases, piggy banks, candle holders, and candy dishes. Each time you walk by a dorm room, you see these things like a giant billboard in Times Square. For a student athlete, a game-winning shot could get him/her a free spirit at the local bar.Fans, bar owners, coaches, athletic directors, teammates, and parents have all been seen rewarding the athletes with toasts and celebration shots. These same oasts are given to college students on their birthdays, no matter how old they are. Fraternities and sororities also bring a drinking factor to colleges. They are known more commonly for their parties and ability to drink, than their community service and GPAs. Even though we don't have them on our campus, they are apparent at the majority of colleges and universities across America.The frats are known for their very popular gatherings where binge drinking is rewarded, and hardly anyone is sober. Sororities are known to attend these parties and Join in the festivities. Another factor that proves that college and drinking go hand in hand is the abrupt end of this behavior for most after college graduation. Most students buckle down for graduate school or the beginning of their career. This excessive drinking pattern does not continue. The tragedies occur when the drinking becomes out of hand.Some drinkers get into a habit of binge drinking. This has been defined as â€Å"drinking to get drunk† (Center for Science, March 2000). Binge drinking leads to passing out, blacking out, memory loss, and injury due to loss of mobility. Unusual and outrageous behavior can get you removed from your university. Even if a student doesn't normally act in mischievous ways, this behavior cannot be excused because of the influence of alcohol. Getting in troub le with the law goes on your public record.Around 11 percent of college student drinkers say they have damaged someone's property while drinking, and 5 percent of a college campus will be involved with the police or campus security due to drinking (A Snapshot of Annual High-Risk College Drinking Consequences, 2002). Other alcohol related charges include public intoxication, minor in possession, driving under the influence, operating while intoxicated, indecent exposure, resisting rrest, interference with official duties, assaulting an officer, and disorderly conduct.

Comparison of Religions: Judaism versus Christianity Essay

There are several differences between Judaism and Christianity and some of these are the following: First of all, when it comes to what is technically referred to as their corresponding â€Å"religious texts†, followers of Judaism utilize â€Å"Tanakh† or the â€Å"Jewish Bible† while devotees of Christianity make use of the â€Å"Old Testament†, as well as, the â€Å"New Testament† (The Differences between Judaism and Christianity n. p. ). Second, in terms of other written forms which are considered â€Å"authority†, followers of Judaism believe in the â€Å"Talmud†, as well as, â€Å"halakhah† (The Differences between Judaism and Christianity n. p. ). On the other hand, devotees of Christianity pay respect to documents authored by â€Å"priests, church councils, ecumenical creeds, papal decrees, as well as, the canon law† (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Third, followers of Judaism consider God’s nature as â€Å"one substance, one person† (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Comparing this to what the devotees of Christianity which sees the nature of God as having only â€Å"one substance but three persons† (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Fourth, Judaism’ followers see Jesus as a â€Å"false prophet† while Christian devotees consider him as the â€Å"only Son of God who saved the whole world† (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n.a. ). Last but not least, followers of Judaism never believed in the â€Å"resurrection of Jesus† as well as, â€Å"his second coming† while devotees of Christianity believe otherwise (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Works Cited Comparison of Christianity and Judaism. 2008. n. a. 15 April 2008. http://www. religionfacts. com/christianity/charts/christianity_judaism. htm The Differences between Judaism and Christianity. n. d. n. a. 15 April 2008. http://www. convert. org/differ. htm

Free Essays on Family Law

-FAMILY LAW ESSAY- â€Å"EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN RECOGNISING, REGULATING AND PROTECTNG THE MANY TYPES OF FAMILIES THAT EXIST† A family is defined as 'two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption or fostering, who are usually resident in the same household' (ABS). The Family Law Act 1975 protects this concept of 'Family'. However, often the effectiveness of the legal system in recognising, regulating and protecting the different types of families that exist is debated. The most common types of families that exist in the Australian society today are marriages, de facto relationship, ATSI and customary marriages and same-sex relationships. Historically, the concept of 'Family' that was recognised by the legal system differed largely to the one that is present today. Women in the past were often on the wrong side of the scale where marriages and divorces were concerned and alternative family arrangements were not recognised in the law, given them little or no regulation and protection. However over time as the society's morals and ethic changed about 'Family', the law was amended to recognise, regulate, and protect the changes, increasing the effectiveness of the legal system in these family arrangements. A marriage is 'the union of a man and women voluntarily entered into for life to the exclusion of all others'. This was defined in the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and is corporated into the Marriage Act 1866 (Cth). The Marriage Act sets down the requirements of a valid marriage, a marriage will be valid only if neither are under the age of 18 years/with parental consent (between the age of 16-17)/permission from a judge if consent is withheld; neither are related in a prohibited way that is related by blood (ancestor, descendant, sister/brother, uncle/aunt, niece/nephew); neither is already married... Free Essays on Family Law Free Essays on Family Law -FAMILY LAW ESSAY- â€Å"EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN RECOGNISING, REGULATING AND PROTECTNG THE MANY TYPES OF FAMILIES THAT EXIST† A family is defined as 'two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption or fostering, who are usually resident in the same household' (ABS). The Family Law Act 1975 protects this concept of 'Family'. However, often the effectiveness of the legal system in recognising, regulating and protecting the different types of families that exist is debated. The most common types of families that exist in the Australian society today are marriages, de facto relationship, ATSI and customary marriages and same-sex relationships. Historically, the concept of 'Family' that was recognised by the legal system differed largely to the one that is present today. Women in the past were often on the wrong side of the scale where marriages and divorces were concerned and alternative family arrangements were not recognised in the law, given them little or no regulation and protection. However over time as the society's morals and ethic changed about 'Family', the law was amended to recognise, regulate, and protect the changes, increasing the effectiveness of the legal system in these family arrangements. A marriage is 'the union of a man and women voluntarily entered into for life to the exclusion of all others'. This was defined in the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and is corporated into the Marriage Act 1866 (Cth). The Marriage Act sets down the requirements of a valid marriage, a marriage will be valid only if neither are under the age of 18 years/with parental consent (between the age of 16-17)/permission from a judge if consent is withheld; neither are related in a prohibited way that is related by blood (ancestor, descendant, sister/brother, uncle/aunt, niece/nephew); neither is already married...

What Critical Thinking Is and How to Develop It

What Critical Thinking Is and How to Develop It The concept of critical thinking has been defined in many complex ways, but for young students new to the concept, it can best be summed up as thinking and judging for yourself. When you develop critical thinking skills, you will learn to evaluate information that you hear and process information that you collect while recognizing your implicit biases. You will analyze the evidence that is presented to you in order to make sure it is sound. Recognize Common Fallacies Fallacies are tricks of logic, and understanding them is the best way to avoid falling for them. There are many types of fallacies, and the more you think about them, the more readily you will recognize them all around you, especially in advertisements, arguments, and political discussions. Bandwagon Appeals: Bandwagon appeals argue that you should follow along with something because everyone else believes it.Scare Tactics: A scare tactic is the use of a  scary story as an example to make you more likely to believe some underlying assumption.Appeal to Emotion: An appeal to emotion uses a fiery speech or a tragic story to convince someone to side with you.False Dichotomy: Often there are many sides to an argument, but a false dichotomy presents an issue as one side versus the other. Characteristics of Critical Thinking To become a critical thinker, you must develop a few skills. Recognize assumptions you carry with you. Have you ever wondered why you believe the things that you believe? Do you believe things because you’ve been told to believe them? Step outside your own beliefs to observe from a neutral viewpoint. Be aware of assumptions and learn to self-reflect.Process information honestly. People sometimes pass along information that is not really true (i.e. the fake news crisis).Recognize a generalization. Girls don’t like bugs. Old people are wise. Cats make better pets. These are generalizations. They’re not always true, are they?Evaluate old information and new ideas. There was a time when doctors thought leeches could cure us. Recognize that just because something is commonly accepted, doesnt mean it is true.Produce new ideas based on sound evidence. Detectives solve crimes by collecting bits of truths and putting them all together like a puzzle. One small deceit can jeopardize an investigation. The entire truth-seeking process is destabilized by one piece of bad evidence, leading to a wrong conclusion. Analyze a problem and recognize the complex parts. A mechanic must understand how an entire engine works before s/he can diagnose a problem. Sometimes it is necessary to deconstruct an engine to figure out which part isn’t working. You should approach big problems like this: break them down into smaller parts and observe carefully and deliberately.Use precise vocabulary and communicate with clarity. The truth can be blurred by fuzzy language. It is important to develop your vocabulary so you can communicate truths accurately.Manage emotions in response to a situation or problem. Don’t be fooled by stirred up, emotional plea or angry speech. Stay rational and keep your emotions in check as you encounter new information.Judge your sources. Learn to recognize hidden agendas and bias when you collect information. As students progress from high school into college and graduate school they must develop critical thinking skills in order to carry out research. Students will learn to identify good sources and bad sources, make logical conclusions, and develop new theories.

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death By Mark Nichol Here are three questions about how to treat references to people who have died, and my responses. 1. For how long after someone’s death is it necessary and/or appropriate to use â€Å"the late† to describe them? I know we don’t say â€Å"the late Ludwig van Beethoven,† but what about a board chairman who died twelve years ago? There’s no standard rule, but in objective, dispassionate content, late should generally be used only a few years after someone’s death. (A widow or widower referring to a deceased spouse, however, gets a lifetime pass.) 2. If I refer to someone’s having died in 2001, do I refer to the person in the same sentence as â€Å"the late John Smith,† for example, or is that redundant? Late is redundant to an explicit reference to a person’s death, and the objective reference is preferable to late. For example, â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith, who died in 2001† is redundant, and â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from John Smith, who died in 2001† is preferable to â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith,† because the former sentence is more specific. 3. Is it objectionable in formal writing for the general public to refer explicitly to death i.e., are euphemisms like â€Å"passed away† truly preferable to died? On the contrary: Died is preferable to euphemisms like â€Å"passed away.† In informative text, use straightforward language; readers appreciate clear, specific wording and don’t need to be coddled with tiptoeing generalities. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human resource management - Essay Example However, in the modern sense, this definition does not hold valid any more. Significant competitive pressures, advancements in technology, privatizations and mergers have forced companies to continually enhance their systems and human resource skills. As a result, a â€Å"secure† job one day would not be considered secure the next day. Additionally, increased requirements of productivity and new conditions make jobs redundant while creating space for new jobs with new or enhanced skill sets. J.D. Wallance has highlighted these very factors and offered a solution that remains beyond the realm of a single job position. He has emphasized that the initiative for retraining for career protection lies with the individual and not with the company this person works for as â€Å"very few companies† focus on â€Å"necessary training† for employees. In his assessment, in the face of fast paced changes in work environments, employees have a choice between â€Å"being left behind† by stagnating their knowledge or open up new options for themselves in the job market by having more current skill sets. It is not always possible to fully predict whether a certain newly acquired skill would result in career advancement and success or not. For example, back when Internet was still not widely available in the commercial domain, fully assessing its impact on the global economy was not easy. Training in Internet technologies at that time could be termed a calculated guess which paid off in the long run. Extending the same example, anyone restricting oneself to HTML technology may have limited the options for growth. Newer technologies on the horizon, still untested and many far different from each other, could still provide a more certain chance of success compared with doing nothing. The subjectivity mentioned earlier is introduced by potential failure as in the example in the text. However, one must first analyze the

The role of traditional political parties in the democratization Essay

The role of traditional political parties in the democratization process - Essay Example As a result, most countries have changed from military to political-civil regimes that foster democratic governance. Political parties play fundamental roles in governance and are critical for the lifelong political development in emerging democracies.This paper highlights the role of political parties in the democratisation process in Latin America, and explores the factors leading to the decline of traditional political parties and their possible comeback in the near future. Democracy illustrates the rights held by citizens that allow them to choose their own government and officials through secret ballot after a defined period. Democracy is achieved following thetransformation of authoritarian rule into a state that is guided by the civil majority. Democratic regimes are characterised by the civic responsibility through which citizens elect their leaders whose prime functions is to protect basic human rights. In this regard, political stability is achieved and through it,economic and social benefits are reaped. Similarly, democracies involve conducting free and fair elections that does not discriminate across citizens of voting age. As such, representative democracy is the most common form in majority government settings where citizens elect officials to make political decisions, formulate laws, and implement policies to benefit the society.In any democracy, political parties are essential owing to the various functions they perform in their capacities that include the representation of social interests. Political parties are regarded as the primal link between the state and society where quality representation is sought for equitable distribution of justice and resources (Cott 1). As such, the responsiveness of party systems to the interests and demands of organised groups largely influences the quality and stability of democratic institutions. Early political parties in Latin America were formed to provide a platform on which different opinions could be ra ised for the benefit of the society.Traditional political parties were formed based on the ideology shared, which saw the emergence of conservative, liberal, federal, clerical and anticlerical parties (Lambert 183). Significant of the Traditional Parties These traditional parties serve as links between political elites and citizens where they mobilise members into participation during the electoral process. In this way, revolutionary movements under social organisation embark on calls for reforms and regime change. Intense social and political upheaval characterised the 1970s in Latin America as social movements and popular mobilisations intensified calls for reforms.Governments under authoritarian or military regimes in Latin America suppressed any form of civil society activity as a way of maintainingcontrol of the state. The governments denied political expression and weakened the existing groups that sought reprieve over the prevailing social conditions.Hostility accorded social movements in their bid to push for political reforms acted as a catalyst that garnered more support for the movements. Movement leaders mobilised their supporters to protests that were aimed at destabilising the authoritarian regime. The resulting instability formed the basis of political reforms with the hope of creating an all-inclusive government that would cater for the

Health Care Professional Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care Professional - Research Paper Example Their certainly exists a demographic aspect to the physician shortage in America (Dranove, 2001). Though with the onset of recession and the dwindling of stock markets has made some old physicians to set aside their retirement plans. Still, with the economy gradually picking up with time, more and more old physicians could be expected to go for retirement. Rising practice prices is one other big reason that is contributing to the shortage of physicians in the nation (Dranove, 2001). These rising prices include augmenting wage costs, skyrocketing costs of supplies and associated telecommunication and digital infrastructure, booming rents, increasing costs of salary benefits including the health coverage (Dranove, 2001). Hence, rising practice costs is one big reason that is discouraging the physicians from continuing with their profession. The financial debacle that the physician practice management firms had to face with the dwindling economy has also contributed its share to the sca rcity of physicians in the country (Dranove, 2001). The collapse of many salient physician practice management firms has left many of the esteemed physician practice groups in the United States in doldrums. In contrast, the physicians working for the not-for-profit hospitals are also not doing better considering the massive losses accrued by these health care facilities. The shortage of nurses in the health care system is not a new phenomenon, but has been an aspect of health care that has been existent since the past couple of decades (Quinn, 2002). However, it has only been in the last few years that the problem of nursing shortage started to evince a significant impact on the American health care system (Quinn, 2002). Varied factors are responsible for the shortage of nurses. Going by the rising proportion of the women in the work force and the ample stress

Growth Management vs. Growth Control Research Paper - 1

Growth Management vs. Growth Control - Research Paper Example The community has for years faced poor infrastructure especially in the suburban areas. In its effort to overcome this problem, the mayor invited Dr. Freilich of the London School of Economics to advise him on Growth management policies. This enabled the transport network of the suburban areas to improve. The growth management policy has eased traffic in San Diego. The current and future generations of this community will benefit, and this will foster growth in other sectors (Levy, 2011). In addition, the community uses a tiered system of separating the rural and urban areas. This is as opposed to the old growth boundary line that was in place before implementation of growth management policy. The tiers help the authorities to identify the areas that need more resources in development (Levy, 2011). This ensures that there is balanced growth in the region. Apart from transport sector, growth management has focused on other areas in San Diego. These include housing, sanitation, industrial and commercial sectors. This has made San Diego a conducive environment for its residents and generations to

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Case study - Assignment Example Lieutenants were appointed and they were given specific works. The intelligence and scouting division was headed by Will Scarlet. He always kept a track of the Sheriff’s moves. He continuously gathered information about the travel procedure of merchants and tax collectors. Discipline among the band members was maintained by Little John. He also made sure that archery of the band was maintained to the level that their job demanded. The finance division was taken care by Scarlock. He did the job of converting ransack to cash. He also looked for appropriate secret storage places for the surplus cash. The Miller’s son named Much served the intricate task of meeting the needs of the band members which was continuously increasing (Gerring 67). In the current scenario, Robin Hood needs a new plan of action. It may even significantly modify and design alternative strategies to fight against the sheriff. The old plan has now become obsolete and thus needs to be enhanced for better results. There has been a change in the external and internal environment and therefore the old ways of generating revenues are not working any more. An alternative has to be planned to avoid the financial crisis that the band is going through. The organization of the band has to be restructured to reinforce discipline within the band. The band members should not misalign from the goals that they are supposed to achieve. Thus a new mission has to be designed to overcome the current problems that the band is facing (Pahl and Richter 143). The expansion of band’s operations to other unexplored parts of Sherwood Forest can be an effective strategy. This could help the band to mitigate some of the difficulties faced by the band. This would help the band to significantly grow in size. Revenue generation will be enhanced and the resources obtained from the Sherwood Forest will be sustainably maintained. Some other alternative method of revenue generation

Themes Of Landscape And Wilderness In Cinematic Films Essay

Themes Of Landscape And Wilderness In Cinematic Films - Essay Example 2. Examine the scope of landscape and wilderness in films. 3. Highlight the nature of landscape and wilderness as characters within films. Despite the progressive change, which land undergoes, two key predictions can be made about land, especially with regard to the establishment of new landscapes: i.e. landscapes transpire in light of people’s expectations, as well as their previous encounters, or landscapes evolve from a shift in mindset and from a changed connection between the environment, society and self. This means that changes that are embedded on a landscape are not typically similar to changes that are wrought on land. According to Sobieszek, the theme of landscape has undergone a dramatic change since early times, especially between the 1950s and 1980s. It is clear that a relatively new order of landscape has engulfed cinematic films that seem to take hold of the imagination of not only the writer and film director, but the audience, as well. The radical change in the perception of landscape is that from a solid yet permanent view to one that is marred by treachery and transmutation. In essence, differ ent media create new landscapes. For instance, in the film Walkabout of 1971, Roeg offers what can be perceived as a typology that showcases photography of locations such as Australian auk lands in the late 20th century. Roeg embodies a formalist concept by rendering the settings of landscapes devoid of human presence through settings such as deserts, flat horizons, vacant highways and fields (Harper and Rayner, 2010, 71). All these locations convey an essence that is at odds with the echo of Hollywood fictions. This allows films to level the meanings that they are originally meant to convey. Landscape in cinematic films adopts quite a different stance compared to still images, which are frozen depictions of landscape. Landscape in cinematic films incites the feeling of culture and cross-over between popular cinema and photography. Historically, landscape is initially associated with painting, and this is evidenced by the numerous depictions of landscapes in exhibitions and art muse ums around the world. Launched in the seventeenth century, the portrayal of emerging infrastructures of channels, harbours and roads that ran through sheltered country sides illustrates the claim that landscape depiction and description through picture is a product of the shift from feudal to capitalist economies (Harper and Rayner, 2010, 58). This paper argues that landscape facilitates new perceptions and venues of analysis and interpretation of cinematic films. Simply put, landscape emerges when the setting becomes the subject of the cinema rather than an object within the entire cinematic film. When applied to films, landscape enables a variation from plot, characters and psychology towards elements that are rarely taken into account in mainstream film. The main challenge thus becomes the discussion of landscape as a comprehensive expression in its own right, as well as its own agenda in other instances. Landscapes can be appreciated as encompassing numerous interacting ideas, t raditions, as well as inventions rather than something that is either out there or can be fixed on films. This paper will conduct a discussion within the realm of films over the period between the year 1970 and 2009. This is a period marred by a number of uncertainties and upheavals, as well as immense successes in the media industry and especially with regard to films. Through this period, there has been immense focus on film and landscape as avenues of the contested perception of individuals, and how film makers investigate the practices, properties and traditions of global cinema that is

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Case study - Assignment Example Lieutenants were appointed and they were given specific works. The intelligence and scouting division was headed by Will Scarlet. He always kept a track of the Sheriff’s moves. He continuously gathered information about the travel procedure of merchants and tax collectors. Discipline among the band members was maintained by Little John. He also made sure that archery of the band was maintained to the level that their job demanded. The finance division was taken care by Scarlock. He did the job of converting ransack to cash. He also looked for appropriate secret storage places for the surplus cash. The Miller’s son named Much served the intricate task of meeting the needs of the band members which was continuously increasing (Gerring 67). In the current scenario, Robin Hood needs a new plan of action. It may even significantly modify and design alternative strategies to fight against the sheriff. The old plan has now become obsolete and thus needs to be enhanced for better results. There has been a change in the external and internal environment and therefore the old ways of generating revenues are not working any more. An alternative has to be planned to avoid the financial crisis that the band is going through. The organization of the band has to be restructured to reinforce discipline within the band. The band members should not misalign from the goals that they are supposed to achieve. Thus a new mission has to be designed to overcome the current problems that the band is facing (Pahl and Richter 143). The expansion of band’s operations to other unexplored parts of Sherwood Forest can be an effective strategy. This could help the band to mitigate some of the difficulties faced by the band. This would help the band to significantly grow in size. Revenue generation will be enhanced and the resources obtained from the Sherwood Forest will be sustainably maintained. Some other alternative method of revenue generation

Discussion question on supply chain management and capacity management Essay

Discussion question on supply chain management and capacity management - Essay Example This serves to minimize system wide costs, and at the same time ensures satisfaction of the service levels. As such, supply chain management adds value and ensures a clear competitive advantage. Some of the objectives of this intervention are to remove assets from the balance sheet, reduce working capital, improving cash to cash cycles, and enhancing inventory turns (Ozkurt, 2013). The impact of supply chain management on the financial position of an organization assumes importance due to the fact that competition is between supply chains and not organizations. This situation is the reality of the contemporary business world. The emphasis, since the 1990s, when globalization came to the fore, has been the conveying of a product to the right place at the right time and at the minimum price (Li, Ragu – Nathan, Ragu – Nathan, & Rao, 2006, p. 107). Capacity strategy is an important principle that utilizes advanced simulation modelling to enable business organization to develop realistic and relevant capacity strategies. Moreover, such strategies are painstakingly evaluated from the operational and financial perspectives. In the context of healthcare organizations, the capacity strategy promotes the optimization of capacity in the principal departments and service lines. This salutary outcome is achieved by authenticating and developing specific strategies aimed at improvement, formulating a structure of governance, and engendering inter – disciplinary commitment (General Electric Company, 2013). With regard to adhering to a schedule of end user response times, capacity management provides information about the exact proportion of infrastructure investments required. In fact, capacity management makes it a simple task to compare vendors and establish the optimal configuration of infrastructure necessary for meeting service levels at the best cost. Another advantage is that performance

Diversity Training Essay Example for Free

Diversity Training Essay Research diversity training programs and their effectiveness. Discuss the purpose of diversity training and review the types of programs that are most effective in meeting goals for improving diversity within organizations. Diversity training is recommended to provide employees with the knowledge and skills to effectively communicate and relate to shareholders of different ethnicity, gender, mannerisms, sexual orientation, religion, and age. Diversity training has a positive impact on the company because it helps employees to respond more sensitively to differences in the workplace. Employees will become more aware of their actions, and mannerisms with others in the workplace. Also, it may be necessary to train managers in diversity in order to comply with the equal opportunity/affirmative action laws. Managers that are trained can effectively address diversity issues in the workplace (Reasons for Diversity, n.d.). Diversity training is effective if employees can recognize the advantages of becoming a culturally diverse workplace. Advantages can include; attracting and retaining valuable employees, increased innovation and creativity, and improved team performance. Organizations that encompass diversity can provide a better service or product if employees can understand their customer’s culture and background. The most effective approach for improving workplace diversity is to create a program to promote diversity hiring. A position or task force should be created who’s primarily responsibility is to oversee diversity hiring and training. Typically, diversity training is effectively taught through group exercises, role play, lectures, and video presentations. In conjunction with diversity training programs, the organization should promote employee involvement through diversity committees, diversity staff positions, and affirmative action plans (Rolander, n.d.). When employees are more involved, they become more aware of their actions and the actions of others to help promote diversity. References: Reasons for diversity training. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2010, from Ehow website: http://www.ehow.com/facts_4912414_reasons-diversity-training.html Rolander, G.-C. (n.d.). Creating effective diversity policies . In Divesity central. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://www.diversitycentral.com/ diversity_practitioners/research_07_04.html What are the ways an organization can identify managers with dysfunctional behaviors? Once these managers are identified, describe the various actions that could be undertaken to help them change these behaviors. The symptoms and warning signs of a dysfunctional manager include; arrogance in leadership, lack of leadership performance feedback (from employees), favoritism, over-management that inhibits communication between staff members, lack of collaboration, lack of teamwork, low productivity, decline in employee morale, backstabbing, and high rate of employee absenteeism and turnover (Jones, n.d.). Consequently, with bad workplace politics and performance, employees will often distance themselves and can become uncooperative if they feel discriminated against and unappreciated. In some cases, employees will resort to sabotaging the company name, and the organization will risk losing their high performers. Furthermore, employees will lose their motivation and productivity (Jones, n.d.). Once the managers are identified, performance-oriented goals should be set to cure the bad behavior (Jones, n.d.). Fist, the organization must identify the performance issues and get feedback from employees. Employee feedback can be evaluated through an employee feedback survey. The manager must be willing to participate in the change program and recognize their bad behavior. Team-building workshops can be used to educate and train management on effective communication and conflict resolution (Jones, n.d.). If differences are still apparent after arbitration, replacement of the uncooperative management is necessary. References: Jones, M. (n.d.). Dysfunctional Leadership Dysfunctional Organization . In The Politics of failure: watch out for the warning signs of bad leadership. Retrieved April 7, 2010, from http://www.iim-edu.org/ dysfunctionalleadershipdysfunctionalorganizations/index.htm

Establishing and adjusting the marketing mix

Establishing and adjusting the marketing mix Toyota Australia is the leading car manufacturer in Australia having a market share of 21% beating it competitors. The company has grown and developed from its establishment from Japan in 1937. Toyota Australia marketing mix followed the 4Ps in establishing a brand that is renowned for its quality, innovation and services. They offered a wide range of vehicles which targeted the 30s to 40s age bracket and attempting to break into the gen y market. There price reflected the services and quality of manufacturing the vehicles, and the also offered consumers choice to add features. They mainly promote their brand through television, newspapers and by being a sponsor of reality shows and sporting events. They are internationally recognised and have made their mark in the marketplace Introduction Scope The following is a marketing mix review and recommendations report on the worlds largest car manufacturer Toyota. The report will outline the fundamental elements of Toyotas marketing mix, and also recommendations will be made on how to improve on each marketing mix element of the organisation. Background Toyota Motor Corporation established in 1937, is the biggest car manufacturers in the world, with its factories spanning over various countries. It is one of the worlds most successful and most profitable car manufacturers. Australia has one of the smallest and oldest car industries in the world and has played an important role in the success and development of Toyota over the past 50 years. The first Toyota vehicles where imported to Australia in 1958 by a mining, construction and services company called Thiess, who imported 13 Landcruisers a model of 4WD, which they used for the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric scheme. They also began to sell the Landcruiser vehicles in 1959. In 1963 an assembling factory in Melbourne called Australian Motor Industries was established and produce the first lot of Toyota corolla and corona cars. They began to be commercially available in 1971 through Thiess Toyota who became commercial leaders in 1979. Then in 1988 the two companies merged to create the Toyota Motor Corporation Australia, which began a global competiveness and established an important export market. In 1994 the Toyota Altona Assembly Plant is opened and the Toyota corolla is the first car to be built in the plant. Vision Toyotas vision is to become the most respected and admired company, in the car industry Mission Their mission is to deliver high quality automotive products and services to their customers, and being actively involved with the community, partners and environment. Methodology Various methods were used to conduct the review of Toyotas marketing mix. One of the methods used was conducting a survey, to find out what the public had in mind when it came to Toyota. These were handed out to random people passing by, and were asked to complete the survey anonymously. They were basic questions that required a bit of thinking from each individual as how they perceive Toyota as a brand. The survey contained a perceptual map which each person was ask to plot where they think a certain car brand fits. The other methods that were used to gather research, was using online resources such as the Toyota website to get a better understanding of the companys direction and the range of products that they offered. The website was very insightful and was clear and easy to navigate, and was very informative. Also the Australian Bureau of Statistics was used to gather information on sales and market share of all the major car companies in comparison to Toyota. This provided factual statistics and information that was very relevant in determining how Toyota fits in to Australias car industry and market. Results Findings Untitled.jpg . Perceptual Map of Car brands comparisons on Reliability vs. Durability The sample result from the survey shows the perceptual map of how consumers compared Toyota and other brand of cars when it came to reliability and durability. The outcome of where Toyota is placed in the map is very high on its reliability and durability. Toyotas market strategy is to sell a top quality product that lasts. This grabs the consumers attention when their looking to buy a car that is reliable and durable. Marketplace Toyota Motor Corporation is the largest vehicle manufacturer in the world. Toyota co-operates with 51 manufacturing companies in 26 nations, and sells its vehicles in over 170 countries under the Toyota, Lexus, Hino and Daihatsu brands. Toyota leads the automotive industry in environmental technologies with their new innovative hybrid technology in their Prius and Hybrid Camry vehicles. They are also looking into the development of Fuel cell technology for future vehicles. Toyota has in recent years dominant the Australian car market, with a market share around 21 percent (Fig.2) and is steadily rising with predictions that it might reach 25 percent by 2012. Toyota Australia has remained the number one brand for selling more vehicles than any other single car brand in the industry for more than 14 years. Toyotas Market Share Toyota has dealerships across Australia that sells their range of vehicles from cars, SUVs, trucks and hybrids. They have established a well know brand that people associated thing such as quality, durability, reliability, innovation, safety, and sustainability. There brand revolves around keeping a high standard to ensure that the customer receive the highest quality product and service which keep them loyal to the brand. Toyotas four core values: Customer first Respect for people International focus Continuous improvement and innovation. Target Audience Toyota covers a wide market sector that caters for families with its range of sedans to other vehicles such as four wheel drives, sports cars, luxury vehicles and small hatchbacks and buses. The age demographic that Toyota mainly targets are early 30s to mid 50 year old consumers. Toyota aims to target all possible sectors and just recently cracked into the large car market with their Toyota Aurion sedan. This was marketed to large families and was proved successful after taking the title of best large car of the year in 2009 by Australian consumers. Toyotas latest marketing attempt was to target the generation y sector with a new small car called Rukus, which Toyota calmed that it will appeal to the young consumers. Its boxy shape and edgy urban styling are anything but boring, so youll never blend in. As described in the Toyota website, claiming that to be different is an important factor when it comes to marketing to the gen y consumers. They are also targeting the environmental conscious consumers, who want to do their part in reducing their impact on the environment by limiting CO2 emissions. Toyota developed an advance hybrid technology which it has implemented in two of its vehicles the Prius and Camry. The hybrid technology combines fuel and electricity to power the engine. Toyota strives to become the leader in innovation of new vehicle technologies. Toyotas Marketing Mix Elements 4 Ps Toyotas marketing mix consists of the 4 Ps which make up the basis of Toyotas overall market strategy. The 4 Ps stand for; Product Price Promotion Place Product A good product can be self marketed when it benefits the consumer demand. When marketing a product, it must differentiate to what a competitor is offering by features, design packaging, services, warranties, safety and environmental impact. Toyota offers a wide range of products that meet the demands of the consumer while being different to the other car brands on the market. There product range is segmented into four areas each meeting the needs of what a consumer is looking for in a vehicle. Toyotas product market contains the following Passenger consisting of small, mid size, and large cars. Aurion, Camry, Corolla, Rukus, Tarago, Yaris. 4WD SUVs Kluger, Landcruiser 200, Prado, Rav4 Commercial Coaster, HiAce, HiLux, Landcruiser 70 Hybrid Camry, Prius Toyota offers with its products after sales services, such as Toyota Service Advantage which includes capped price servicing, specialist technicians, and genuine parts. They also offer financing at a low rate so that consumers are able to have the product sooner. Price The prices set for products plays a major role in its marketability. The pricing of vehicles in Toyota depends on what the consumer wants to include in their vehicle. They set a base price which then increases if a consumer wants to modify or add options such as metallic paint, wheels, body kits or extended service warranty. This gives the consumer more choice and flexibility as to how they want their vehicle to be when they purchase it. The price of vehicles in the range can start from $18,990 to a more premium price of $80,000 or more dependent on the make, model and add options. The pricing of Toyota vehicles are higher in some areas in comparison to its competitors, but its main selling point is that they sell you a top quality product with great service and parts, that is also reliable and has the highest safety standards. Promotion Promotion is way of communicate to consumers and grabbing their attention to make a sale. This usually involves three ways of effective promoting through advertising, public relations, and sales promotion. Toyota uses various methods when it comes to promotion, advertising through television, radio, internet, newspapers, billboards, yellow pages, flyers, brochures and word of mouth. They keep reiterating that they are a car company that provide quality, durability, reliability, innovation, safety, and sustainability. Toyota over the years uses catchy slogans to draw attention to their brand. When a person hears oh what a feeling! they directly associate it to the Toyota brand, and recall the television ad of a person jumping and freezing in mid air. This is the most recognised slogan in advertising which they have used since the 1980s in Australia. Toyota teamed up with a renovation show called The Block in promoting their new model Yaris. This is seen as a smart promotional strategy as they are sponsoring a popular show; in turn this extends Toyotas reach to their audience. They also offer a chance to win a new car which also makes the consumer want the product more by enticing them that they have a chance of winning. Place Distribution or place is a very crucial element of the marketing mix as the main thing that must be addressed is how we reach the consumers. Toyota sells its vehicles through its dealerships across Australia. Sales are mainly made to public consumers on a one on one basis with their selling staff. Toyota has also established distribution channels overseas with more than half the vehicle manufactured in Australia being export to regions such as the Middle East. The availability of Toyota vehicles has become very easy to all consumers in Australia and overseas. The internet has also opened a major channel as consumers are able to inspect, enquiry and purchase a vehicle without leaving their home. SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Market leader with 21% market share Strong brand image Customer loyalty Car manufacturing leader Quality issues (due to recalls) Production capacity Pricing Opportunities Threats Producing more environmentally friendly vehicles Targeting the younger demographic Product recalls Rising oil prices Production costs Downturn in economy Limitations The report presented many limitations, which interrupt some of the methods such as the collection of data and research. The follow issues where faced while doing the report Information when it can to investigating Toyotas marketing strategies as a whole the information was limited and inaccessible. Interpretations had to be made based upon the limited information that was provided, and observation. Survey Surveys proved to be a challenge as people were not interested or willing to take part in the survey. Analysis as there was lack of marketing information available about Toyota, secondary sources of information had to be used which could prove to be inaccurate Recommendations The recommendations that Toyota may apply to improve their marketing mix can be drawn upon in the follow; Product When it comes to Toyotas product range they are missing key markets that other car brands have successfully achieved, such as introducing a wider range of large cars for large families, also target young consumers who are able to afford a Toyota vehicle they should start with mid 20s then work their way down the age bracket as teens might not find Toyota affordable which puts then off the brand. Toyota should also expand their hybrid technology to the smaller cars which has not been done yet. Price when it comes to affordability Toyota misses the mark, even though it thrives on quality and services the price seems to be inflated and is further inflated when a consumer wants to add a certain feature. I recommend that they offer a bundle or package deal such as free insurance for a year or free fuel to make the purchase seem worth it. Promotion Toyota should start advertising on social networks if it is to target the young age bracket. Also making ads that will appeal to the young generation but without losing all identity of Toyota. Coming up with a new catchy slogan to get the consumers involved. Offering more sales, discounts and offers that benefit the consumer, starting a loyalty program for the customers, keeping them informed. Place Toyota has positioned its self in the number one spot, to continue being a market leader they must improve their distribution channels such as the dealerships which are located in areas of low income earners, and retirees which decreases sales. Conclusion Drawing upon all the research and results, Toyota has built an industry which people associated quality, durability, reliability, innovation, safety, and sustainability. They have established themself as Australias leading car brand with their wide range of vehicles that suit any consumer. There pricing is somewhat high but its a reflection of the quality and service they provide. Toyota has become an internationally recognised brand that thrives on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The further development of becoming a sustainable car manufacturer, appeals to the public as they are showing their commitment in sustaining the global environment. They are yet to develop a successful marketing strategy when it comes to appealing to the younger consumers. Appendix Survey Structure Toyota Australia Survey Age: Gender: For each item identified below, circle the number to the right that best fits your judgment of its quality. Use the scale above to select the quality number. Description/Identification of Survey Item Scale Strongly Agree Neither Strongly Disagree Toyota is a brand that you can trust 1 2 3 4 Toyota is a brand that is reliable 1 2 3 4 Toyota is seen as innovative 1 2 3 4 Toyota products are affordable 1 2 3 4 Toyota cares about the environment (sustainability) 1 2 3 4 The offer a large range of vehicles 1 2 3 4 Easily identified from other brand 1 2 3 4 is appealing, fresh and vibrant 1 2 3 4 fulfils the consumers needs 1 2 3 4 makes you want to own a vehicle 1 2 3 4 offer flexibility and options 1 2 3 4 Toyota is customer focused 1 2 3 4

Litter Control :: Environment Ecology Littering

Litter Control Litter control is not only an important issue to me but to this state and country. Programs such as Keep America Beautiful and adopt-a-highway are designed to promote a clean environment by educating people and creating projects to help improve the environment (Keeping America Beautiful). Growing up I learned the importance of having a clean environment. It improves the quality of life, it increases your confidence level, and it makes you proud of your community. I feel strongly about this issue because there are a lot of people who just do not care. South Carolina has a goal of making people aware of the environment. The state government has started a campaign called Palmetto Pride (Diane Marlow). The promotion tactics that they use includes South Carolina officials and well-known people promoting beautification of the state. I also have a goal of making people aware of the environment and I decided that creating a project with children would be very effective. I always thought children were excellent people to work with. They are eager to learn and to show enthusiasm. My plan was to work with the children of St. Lawrence’s Place. That idea was sparked from my University 101 instructor. There I hoped to design a trash-pickup program similar to the one that the adopt-a-highway program had. Along with the program, I would have educated the children about litter prevention and the importance of a clean environment. Instead of walking along a highway collect trash we would wander around St. Lawrence’s Place looking for trash and items to be recycled. Unfortunately, the program could not be carried out because of scheduling problems. Luckily, there was an adopt-a-highway project going on in my hometown during the time of fall break. Adopt-a-highway is a program of public service for volunteers to collect trash along the highways of America. The group agrees to pick up trash at the minimum of three times per year. There is an age limit for this program. Those that are interested must be at least twelve years of age to participate in the trash pick-up. The adopt-a-highway program also educates people about litter prevention and recycling (Adopt-a-highway). On October 15, I arrived on Main Street with some of my friends and former classmates. Main Street is a very busy road that connects to a highway.

Health Nursing

Public Health is the science and art of protecting and improving the health of the communities through education, promotion of healthy life styles and research for disease and injury prevention. Public Health helps improve the health and well being of people in local communities around the world also works to prevent problems before they occur. Public health nursing is a specialized form of registered nursing that combines nursing and public health principles.According to the American Public Health Association, the primary focus of public health nursing is improving the health of the community as a whole rather than just that of an individual or family. Public health nursing is sometimes called a type of community health nursing. Some experts use the terms â€Å"public health nursing† and â€Å"community health nursing† interchangeably. Public Health Nursing provides health promotion, disease prevention, and intervention and support services to women, children, youth an d families living in the Capital Region.Services are provided to individuals, families, groups and communities in homes, schools, health units and community setting Community health nursing a field of nursing that is a blend of primary health care and nursing practice with public health nursing. The community health nurse conducts a continuing and comprehensive practice that is preventive, curative, and rehabilitative. The philosophy of care is based on the belief that care directed to the individual, the family, and the group contributes to the health care of the population as a whole.The community health nurse is not restricted to the care of a particular age or diagnostic group. Participation of all consumers of health care is encouraged in the development of community activities that contribute to the promotion of, education about, and maintenance of good health. These activities require comprehensive health programs that pay special attention to social and ecologic influences a nd specific populations at risk. Basic Principles of CHN 1. The community is the patient in CHN, the family is the unit of care and here are four levels  of  clientele: individual,  family,  population  group (those who share common characteristics, developmental stages and common exposure to health problems – e. g. children, elderly), and the community. 2. In CHN, the  client is considered as an ACTIVE partner NOT PASSIVE recipient  of  care 3. CHN practice  is  affected by  developments in  health  technology,  in  particular, changes in society, in general 4. The goal of CHN is achieved through multi- sectoral efforts 5.CHN is a part  of health care system and the larger human services system. Specific Responsibilities of a Nurse, spelled by the implementing rules and Regulations of   RA 7164 (Philippine Nursing Act of 1991) includes: †¢ Supervision and care of women during  pregnancy, labor and puerperium †¢ Performance of int ernal examination and delivery of babies †¢ Suturing lacerations in the absence of  a physician †¢ Provision of first aid measures and emergency care †¢ Recommending herbal and symptomatic meds†¦etc.In the care of the families: †¢ Provision of primary health care services †¢ Developmental/Utilization of family nursing care plan in  the provision of care In the care of the communities: †¢Community  organizing  mobilization,  community  development  and  people empowerment †¢Case finding and  epidemiological investigation †¢Program planning,  implementation and evaluation †¢Influencing executive and legislative individuals or bodies concerning health and development. Responsibilities of CHN be a part in developing an overall health plan, its implementation and evaluationfor communities   †¢provide quality nursing services to the three levels of clientele †¢maintain  coordination/linkages  with  oth er  health  team  members, NGO/government agencies in  the provision of  public health services †¢ conduct researches relevant to CHN services to improve provision of health care †¢ provide opportunities for professional growth and continuing education for staff  development; http://www. answers. com/topic/public-health-nursing#ixzz2Do73aZIE

Cooking Equals Art Essay

You know the saying â€Å"The Way To A Man’s Heart is Through His Stomach†, well I think everyone would agree with me when I say the way to anyone’s heart is through their stomach. Cooking has to be done during one’s life time; it is not something that can be easily avoidable. It’s something many people do on regular basics and has become an expert in. What you do every day consider art. Art can be acknowledged as something that is created and then just consumed. Yes. Cooking is art because cooking is doing something that you do repeatedly, and have a general or higher knowledge in. Cooking takes you to the highest of the high. Exactly what is cooking? Something so essential has a very simple meaning. It is the time process of food preparation through applied heat. While cooking, a person has to keep in mind a lot of other factors that finally lead to the product of making delicious food. Art according to the OED is the skills of doing something that you have had knowledge of or practice. (Art) Comparing that to cooking, we can easily pop in cooking where art is and say; cooking according to the OED is the skills of doing something that you have had knowledge of or practice. That however is not true for both of those statements because one man’s masterpiece of art can be 5 dramatic lines on a canvas, while one man’s masterpiece of cooking can just be a plate with steak, peas and cranberry sauce. The assortment and place of the line and food on a plate though would be considering art. Our ancient ancestors first discovered that heat could be applied to make food taste better. This was the evolution of cooking. Cooking has not become extinct, now over tens of thousands of years later. Rather than that it has grown into variations and forms that are extremely creative in expression and infinite. According to the latest paleo-archeological information, the oldest art was created by humans during the prehistoric Stone Age, between 300,000 and 700,000 years ago. (Visual Arts) Most anthropologists believe that cooking fires began only about 250,000 years ago. Primatologist Richard Wrangham suggested that cooking was invented as far back as 1. 8 million to 2. 3 million years ago. (The Executives Stulum). Only 50,000 years apart, cooking first, art and cooking were very close in relation. The diversity of location was a major play in why cooking styles, techniques, and even food was different. Due to diverse ecosystems and climates early civilization had to use the resources and technologies that were available locally. The Chinese, as an example, developed wok cooking as an answer to the scarcity of firewood. By cooking over a small hot flame and stirring constantly to prevent burning the food, the use of fuel was maximized. (Art Form). Just how art was forming 50,000 years later due to the location art was also different in parts of the world just like cooking. Food can be considered as an art; for example: the decoration of a food, the way a food is constructed in the plates, or even the way many different foods are being mixed in order to create a new food. Sometimes even people consider the arrangement of plates in a table as an art. This is called Table Art. Brillat-Savarin in his book, â€Å"The physiology of taste† states that cooking is the oldest of all arts. He says that Adam was born hungry and even a new born child first looks for become feed by his nurse right after he comes to new world (Physiology of taste, 300). He also believes that cooking and food is the finest art that has had the most influence on humans’ civilization (300). Food is one of the fewest things in the whole world that almost everyone becomes satisfied with. When people eat, a kind of satisfaction and pleasure makes them happy. But happy is not the only expression connected with food you have happy, disgust, anger, delighted and many more. Everybody is different and just how one dish can make a person happy by it, it can make another person disgusted by it. Everyone would get their very different experience, just how you would look at art and experience a different reaction. Whereas you look at a bright painting and feel intrigued but the person next to you is confused. In art you need your utensils to create a piece of work. The same rule applies in cooking. Yes in cooking you don’t need to use any other instruments to help you cook other than your hands which by the way brings out the artist ability right there. But you can prepare the food to get that extraordinary flavor. A good cook is also a creative one. He or she is not afraid of trying new ways and exploring new methods. He or she has an experimental mind that is coupled with a good sense of taste. The problem is that, because of the experimental nature of the work, the process of creating a masterpiece can get lost in the act of creation. However, the process of creating a culinary masterpiece does not stop there. There must also be a stage of ever refinement to the basic process. For example, should less sugar be added? Should I add more spices? Should I lower the temperature of the heat? These are little adjustments to the process that will turn a recipe from being â€Å"just OK† to â€Å"excellent. †(Art Form) For that, a good cook is not only a creative one. He or she is the master of their masterpiece. The ability to improve upon an old recipe or create an exciting new recipe is a talent a very special few can accomplish with little or no training, but almost anybody with the proper training and a genuine interest in excellent food and its preparation can become an exceptional imaginative chef. Cooking is something that cannot be learnt. In art the qualities of a cook must be ingrained in a person. But that does not mean that you cannot learn a few scrumptious dishes. Works Cited â€Å"art, n. 1†. OED Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 12 October 2011 Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme, and M. F. K. Fisher. The Physiology of Taste, Or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy. New York: Knopf, 2009. Print. â€Å"Cooking history and info†. The Executives Stulum. The Executives Stulum, 09 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Oct. 2011 â€Å"cooking, n. â€Å". OED Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 12 October 2011 â€Å"Earliest Art of Prehistory† Visual-art-corks. com. Encyclopedia of Art. 19 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2011 Murray, Richard â€Å"Cooking As an Art Form. † EzineArticles. com. Ezine Article Group, 12 Feb. 2010. Web. 12 October. 2011.

Wish You Well by David Baldacci

Character development is an important part of all novels. A character's mindset can change throughout the story as they go through events that may change there mindset. In Wish You Well by David Baldacci, Oz's personality and attitude change from the beginning to the end of the novel. His point of view alone effects the story. As the book starts off Oz is a little immature boy. He is not self efficient and relies completely on his mother Amanda and his older sister Lou. â€Å"Fortunately, his fearful cries would be replaced by a smile when Oz would at last focused on her, and she would want to hold her son always, keep him safe always. (Baldacci p. 4) Amanda had protected Oz his entire life and made him feel a sense of attachment. He never had to make his own decisions or face an event where his hope or faith was challenged. Until the car accident, his mother was severely injured and his father was killed. â€Å"Oz reached for his mother, incomprehension the only thing between the little boy and possibly fatal panic. † (Baldacci p. 14) This was the first and only time in the story that we see Oz in panic. Lou being older feels she understood more about the world and life than Oz. She had loved her father but clearly did not have the same type of relationship with her mother. After the accident and her father was dead, Lou seemed to get a negative outlook. She never once had a positive thought that possibly her mother could might get better and regain consciousness. Oz on the other hand never lost his faith. He always though positively. Throughout the novel Oz makes comment to his grandmother, diamond, and Lou that his mother could and was getting better. His love for her was so strong that even though deep down he knew the reality of her healing was not likely, he would do whatever he could to make it possibly come true. Oz thinks that wishing for his mother to regain her health at the wishing well will make her better. â€Å"I wish that my mother will wake up and love me again. He paused and then added solemnly, And Lou too. † (Baldacci p. 131) Oz truly cared about his mother and sister and risked his fear to try and make them all happy again. He was truly a caring character who changes from being a shy innocent boy. Into a caring self confident young man. Lou and Oz both loved each other and there mother. However, each characters point of view was different regarding the citation. Lou was kind of angry and tried to think about things realistic. She knew the odds of her mother getting well and there family going back to normal was limited. She realized it and tried to move on. As opposed to Oz who hoped and wished that his mother and Lou would get better and things could go back to the way they were. In the end even though both character's points of view where vastly different, they each helped each other get through some tragic events in the novel together, through love and perseverance.

Injury prediction and prevention screening in sport Essay

Injury prediction and prevention screening in sport - Essay Example It will also critique papers and identify the best screening practice covering a wide range of sports and screening tools used for both elite athletes and recreational sports. This review will assess various databases including, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar in order to establish various studies relevant to this subject matter. The literature shall be narrowed down to the following inclusion criteria: studies on injury prediction and prevention screening, studies on athletes, servicemen, and other active individuals, studies published from January 2003 to January 2013, and studies published in the English language. The credibility of the authors and the publication will be assessed, including the validity and the reliability of the studies. In the paper by Myer, et.al., (2011), the authors set out to apply sensitive laboratory tools in order to establish predictive tools which impact on increased knee-abduction movement (KAM) during landing. The study covered a sufficient population of respondents evaluating two groups of athletes—female basketball and soccer players. The study however chose to cover a single-county public school district, limiting the general applicability of the results. The respondents were asked to participate in testing athropometrics, maturation, flexibility, and strength and landing biomechanics. The study revealed that an increased knee abduction angle, quadriceps recruitment, tibia length, and BMI with lower knee flexion represent 80% of the variance in the KAM in instances of drop vertical jump. In effect, females who manifest increased KAM would be more responsive and would likely manage better after neuromuscular training. Such findings help in identifying those who have a higher ris k for injury assisting also in their neuromuscular training in the prevention of related risks.

Philosophy final paper pre-question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy final paper pre-question - Essay Example have a function or activity, the good and the ‘well’ is thought to reside in the function.† Therefore, it is the human good which keeps the function the soul performs in accordance with virtue. The key points in Aristotle’s concept of function include the following arguments in brief: Aristotle argues that everything has a function or activity to perform. Further, based on this argument, he states that everything that has a function has a virtue as well. Therefore, it is the virtue of the thing that enables it to perform its function well. The basic function of the soul, as argued by Aristotle is to take care of things, rule and deliberate, and so on. Because, these are the activities one cannot perform without the soul. Again, the soul can perform well only when it has the virtue associated with its function. In this way, a good soul performs, takes care of things, and in general, lives a good life. This is where the conception of happiness comes into being. Therefore, the conception of happiness is mainly derived from the good functions performed by the soul while performing them all well with the nature of virtue. When the soul performs its function virtuously, then the soul becomes associated with justice. That means the just soul performs well and, therefore, lives well. That is how the soul is blessed with happiness. Whereas a bad soul does just the opposite of what a good soul does. In that sense, the bad or the unjust soul performs as well as lives badly and so is wretched. This is what Aristotle describes as the definition of the notion of happiness. In the process of his argumentation, Aristotle wants to identify happiness with virtuous activities performed by the soul. A happy man will have a pleasant life. However, pleasure is not the only good thing that happens to a happy man. In simple words, a happy man will share both a pleasant as well as virtuous life. When the notion of happiness is introduced, Aristotle proposes his view of

Virtual life damage real life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virtual life damage real life - Essay Example The article argues that a research carried out in 2008 in Americans stated that 28% of Americans confirmed that they were spending less time with their families. This statistics tripled the research carried in 2003 where statistic ranged at 11 percent. This shows that family bonding is diminishing by the day simply because of the advancement of technology (Turner 27). Television sets have cut the bond that the family would have chatting together in the living room (Sorensen 1). Fast foods and home delivery has diminished family meal times and children’s homework and plays have diverted to the internet. These aspects are greatly contributing to families living virtue lives instead of real life. To begin with, family bonding has become the thing of the past because most homes do not have time to share meals (Sorensen 1). Despite the fact that parents are busy, they have opted for the modern virtual ways of replacing their presence in homes through advanced technology. The fridge and the microwave have replaced the parents in the kitchen because they children can acquire stored food in then fridge and warm them in the microwaves. Online food orders have also replaced family meal times because the parents order food for their children over the phone or online which is delivered for the children to eat. All this aspects leads to children having enough privacy to explore other dangerous channels hence parental presence and love is necessary for family bonding. The cell phone and online chat is occupying many commitments that the parent would have had on knowing the children’s welfare due to the availability of cell phones (Sorensen 1). The parents use the cell phones to keep track of where the children are and how they are faring. This cell phone and internet chat replacement deprives the children the much-needed parental love, which leads children to finding replacements elsewhere (Livingstone & Bovill 4). Children are currently living in families wher e they do not find anybody at home to relate to when they are not in school. The idea of such absentee parents is that they will check on their children’s welfare by chatting through the internet or by communicating through the phone (Turner 360). The parents need to understand that spending quality time with them impacts more than modern technologies could offer. Due to lack of family bonding, the children or one of the spouses opts for the internet as the only available alternative. The internet has becomes people favorite because it offers virtue live that people prefer against real life (Voogt & Gerald 357). The isolated individuals and children bond with others by chatting online, which in turn occupies their time, and keep busy. These individuals tend to sink in the virtuous world of the web because it is simpler compared to the real world. This is so because, children pretend to be adults, and adults pretend to be children. More so, women pretend to be men and vice-ver sa, and people give false information about their background, religion and accomplishments. These virtues aspects are the opposite of real life where people meet and socialize physically. The fantasies of the virtuous world lead people to live a fantasy life (Turner 30). Cheating cases have been reported where both men and women are the victims.

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion Essay

The Catholic Faith With Contrasting Facts on Islam Religion - Essay Example With the death of Christ, the apostle Peter was designated as the first Pope, or temporal head of the Catholic Church. Since then, the mission of this faith is to spread the faith across the world. According to Pope Benedict XVI, the mission of the Catholic Church can be summarized â€Å"as a threefold responsibility to proclaim the word of God, celebrate the sacraments, and exercise the ministry of charity† (Benedict XVI 2005). Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. This essay provides the opportunity for a Catholic devotee to be interviewed. In the process, one would appreciate the insights, beliefs, underlying teachings of the Catholic Church as seen from of an ordinary woman. The interview was conducted in the Infant of Prague Catholic Church at Jacksonville, North Carolina. The person being interviewed is Christina Cordero, a Roman Catholic by virtue of her birth and baptism. She was raised in another country, the Philippines, which is a predominantly Catholic country. The Infant of Prague Catholic Church is medium built. It has three balconies, vaulted ceilings, a separate room for families with small children who might act up during service, an elaborate altar flanked by praying candles, and beautiful stained glass windows with depictions of St. Michael, St. Peter and others saints. Apart from the solemn faà §ade, there is just one thing that needs some maintenance and repairs – the pews.

Whether Tilly is a proverbial Don Quixote, misconstruing the benign as Essay

Whether Tilly is a proverbial Don Quixote, misconstruing the benign as threatening. Is there any reason not to dismiss him - Essay Example In this respect, Tilly advocates for realism as opposed to determinism in a social science context. Mill also learns of the approach of Tilly in the study of social science. People must consider the premise that an individual must justify actions with the reality of actions. This is an assumption held by Tilly with regard to normative theory of social science. However, Mill is convinced that Tilly’s opposition to the aspect of determinism is justified (Franklin, 2007). Mill also anticipated Tilly’s social science criticisms because he also believes in the normative approach. An individual ought to base his decisions on self-conscience whereby a person influences the environment instinctively. Mill also believed that a humanistic approach in social science is justifiable and it formed the basis of Tilly’s critique for the determinism approach by in social science. The only exception when the normative approach is not followed is during a break in the pattern of a social life. Tilly also argues that the world is a rational environment as opposed to a social environment. This social philosopher upholds the fact that all actions are justified by reason in accordance to Descartes’s philosophical concept. Tilly is critical of the social scientist’s argument that reason-giving is just eventful rather than normality in life. According to Giddens (2008), the reasons given for any undertaking, must be of the right kind and must be applied to the right people in order to foster order in society. The speed of justifying actions by reason should also be high in order to have a logical flow of events. Tilly’s position on class politics contributed to his critique of the other socialist’s argument on normative socialism. In his critique, Tilly sought to abandon the structuralism theory of social science. Additionally, Tilly distanced himself for the reductionist theory. This paved way for

Applied Criminal Justice Ethics Essay Example for Free

Applied Criminal Justice Ethics Essay My interviewee was Commander Hamry, of the Milton police department in Washington. When interviewing Commander Hamry, I found the following to be his impressions of the police force in general: Why are ethics and character so important in the field of law enforcement? Because we represent everything we believe in, not only in local and state law, but the Constitution of the United States. We are part law enforcement, lawyer, priest, counselor, mother/father figure etcat any given moment. We have a nano-second to decide whether or not to shoot whereas everyone else has months/years to decide if that action was proper or not. Due to an elevated level of training and discipline, we are held to a higher standard. This includes: morals, ethics, actions/decisions which the public has entrusted its care to us which go back to the issues when the tea was first thrown into the harbor. Do the interviewees feel that police are more ethical today, or were they more ethical ten years ago? Due to immediate access of public information and technology, the magnification of the microscope has been increased. However, that is something that evolves with public perception, the legal system, etc where something that was common place and ethical 100 years ago would not be considered today. People are basically good and the basic Judeo/Christian principle upon which our system is founded has remained, for the most part, unchanged. Why do police officers become involved in misconduct? To over simplify the answer, because they are human. They make mistakes like anyone else or experience temptations in which they cannot or choose not to handle. No different than the clerk who pockets a dollar when no one is looking. Do the interviewees feel that there is enough training offered in ethics at the police academy level? If not, why is that? Ethics are like character building and/or common sense. It evolves with experience and upbringing. How would you teach common sense or character? However, a strong emphasis IS placed on ethics in the law enforcement academies, but the basic concept and belief in such values has to be present to start with. Those that dont develop the concept strong enough should be weeded out during the background phase of the hiring process. People can change and develop a stronger sense of ethics (I believe) as to the examples set by those they are influenced by or choose to be influenced by. Should ethics training be offered as an ongoing process for law enforcement officers? Yes, and I believe it will remain an integral part of the basic academy program. Do the interviewees feel that education and/or training in ethics would reduce incidents of police corruption? Yes and No. The elevated awareness may make them think about it more. But it is also a lifestyle and belief in the basic system that we work within. This is no different than being asked to go out and enforce laws that we do not either believe in, or question. We dont make the laws, we merely enforce those that the people have asked to be on the books and thus should act the same. Being within law enforcement is like living in a fish bowl. You are always under the scrutiny of the public perception on and off duty. You are judged by how your kids act in school, to how you look or what you do when you go to town.

Relationship Between Music and Architecture

Relationship Between Music and Architecture CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Research Overview There have been some efforts that were made by a number of researcher vis-ÃÆ'  -vis looking at the parallels of architecture and music in terms of rhythm, harmony and the inherent ability to provoke emotional responses of each discipline; however, those researches have not covered all genres of music. One of the types of music that have not attracted a lot of architectural critics, cabaret music, has captured my interest. Given the limited research in the area, this study intends to achieve a better understanding of the relationship between cabaret music and architecture. Statement of the problem Towards the end of the 19th century, Romanticism reached its limits of expression. Consequently, diverse and experimental music forms began to emerge, which broke away from the mainstream of Romanticism. These included the impressionism of Debussy and Ravel, and the surrealism of Erik Satie. The emphasis on irregular rhythms within Stravinskis The Riot of Spring caused its first audience to riot in 1913. These followed the experimentation in scales and rhythms of BartÃÆ' ³k. In the performing arts, cabaret songs were intentionally naturalistic in language, theme while certain of its devices, such as the shadow play, were both decadent and symbolist in their use of light, colour and evocative suggestion. Simultaneously, in this period, architects like Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier experimented with new approaches in composing architecture. Purpose and importance of the research This study is valuable in that it might contribute and add to the existing body of knowledge that has drawn out the parallels between architecture and music. Structure of the report The remaining of the report is organised into four chapters that will start from the known intersections between music and architecture to more specifically, the parallels between cabaret music and architecture. The report will then move to discuss the relationship between architecture and other related music disciplines like dance and Non-western musical. CHAPTER 2: INTERSECTIONS OF MUSIC AND ARCHITECTURE The Chapter focuses on analysing selected architectural work that has used music as design inspirations as a way of introducing the topic. Alberti, Palladio and the application of music in architectural design Historically music was thought of as a mathematical science. The idea of harmonies sprung from the process of division. A string that produced a certain tone could be divided along exact proportions to create a note that would resonate in harmony with the first note, creating an overlapping of tones that could be considered beautiful both aesthetically and mathematically. These ideas were developed by the ancient Greeks, but brought into importance during the Renaissance. It was during this time that architecture was thought of as an art that needed a mathematical and therefore scientific basis to be considered objectively. Palladio often looked to musical proportions as a means to achieve ideal proportions in his designs. Basic harmonies such as octaves and fifths were applied to room sizing in all three dimensions, and were also often overlooked to as ornamental guides. The Palladian practice of applying basic harmonic ideas to basic room proportions is a starting point with what can be achieved by translating tonal ideas into the practice of architecture. Renaissance thinkers placed importance on the translation of audible proportions to the visual arts partly because they viewed musical composition as a mathematical science whereas architecture was thought of as a liberal art. In an attempt to give architecture a system of design method, it had to be referenced to a mathematical framework. Leonardo Da Vinci once said that music and painting are sisters, and both are used to convey harmonies. According to him, music achieved this through the use of chords and painting through the use of proportions. Palladio noted within his illustration ideal proportions for room dimensions and other architectural devices. The numbers within the ratios are carefully chosen and are the result of his attempt to fulfill Vitruvian principles. The principle in question has to do with achieving an ideal design. The artists of the Renaissance believed that it was possible to obtain an absolute beauty by following the proportional principles found in nature. In the practice of architecture, this was achieved by allowing specific geometries to define certain forms. These forms then would act as modules that would define and govern the development of the entire structure. Palladio even stated that it was possible to achieve a harmonic building through the use of proportional principles and that it would be possible to explain and evaluate the success of the building using the terms of musical theory. Leone Battista Alberti had taken the music scale and noted that musical theory is important to the practice of architecture because the numbers that are responsible for pleasing harmonies also evoke delight from mans eyes and mind. Palladio took this idea and used this harmonic scale as a proportioning system in his buildings. He focused on the relationship found between four strings with lengths in a ratio of 6:8:9:12. When these strings were placed under equal amounts of tension and then vibrated they produced wavelengths of consonant tones, most importantly an octave, fourth and fifth. These proportions are noted in his plans published in the Quattro Libri. Le Corbusier and the Phillipss Pavilion The growth of subjective judgment slowly did away with the Renaissance search for an absolute beauty, but this did not stop the intersection of musical and architectural ideas. It did change them, leading to new investigations and ideas. Of particular importance is the work of Le Corbusier on the Phillipss Pavilion. He investigated both the translation of musical proportions to built form, but also the use of acoustics and sound to generate and convey a sense of space. In 1958, Phillips Company, a producer of electronic speakers, hired Le Corbusier to design and build a pavilion for the Brussels World Fair. The Phillips Companys goal was to show off the capabilities of their latest speakers and filled the pavilion with three hundreds of them. Le Corbusier proposed to give the Phillips Company an electronic poem with which to showcase their work. He worked with a team of Phillips engineers and two modern composers: Iannis Xenakis and Edgard Varase. Xenakiss role in the Phillips Pavilion was focused on the exterior shell of the building. His task focused on translating the sketches and abstract ideas of Le Corbusier (mainly dealing with geometry and proportions) into a buildable, architectural form. The end result, a curved, hyperbolic not only fulfills the mathematical ideals of Le Corbusier, but also evokes the glissandi of Xenakiss 1953-1954 composition Metastasis. Steven Holl and the Stretto House Steven Holl took the investigation of a more complex musical idea that of stretto, as a departure point for a house built in Texas. This project focused on using both the compositional and experiential qualities of a particular piece of music as a means to solve the architectural problems presented by the site and the client. The Stretto House, a project by Steven Holl located in Dallas, Texas exemplifies a modern approach to marrying the ideas of architecture and music. While there is more to the project than just this aspect the ideas of music played an important part in the development and implementation of the design. The name of the house comes from the musical term stretto. Stretto is most commonly used in the fugue and in this context it refers to the theme of the piece being repeated and overlapped by different voices. The decision to explore this musical idea as a mode of design occurs during the initial sketching phase. This phase explored some of the vernacular materials of Texan architecture, specifically metal roofs and concrete blocks. This combined with the need to create shade and producing this via overlapping led to the exploration of the overlapping that occurs in stretto. Holl narrowed the study of stretto to one particular piece of music, Bela Bartoks Music for strings, percussions and Celeste. The feature of this work is the distinct separation between heavy and light by carefully dividing the percussion and string sections. Holl literally took the basic composition of the music and composed his building in the same way. Bartoks work is divided into four movements and its most compelling feature is the aforementioned division of instruments into two models. Holl designed his structure to have four distinct spatial sections and focused the work on two distinct elements: masonry, which mimicked the heavy role of the percussion and curved metal, which played the light nature of the spring section. The result is an overlapping and intersection of several elements. The curved metal roofs overlap with the heavy masonry structure, referred to as spatial dams. The different planes of the building, roof, floor and wall, pull space from each other to continue the overlapping effect. The materials of the building follow suit, as do the actual design drawings. The orthogonal plan of the main house drawing stands in contrast to the curvilinear section while the drawings of the guest house reverse this pattern, mimicking the inversion found in Bartoks composition. This project was designed around a cohesive idea that can organize and guide the experiential qualities of the space. Holl notes that the concept that drives a design like the Stretto House disappears completely in the phenomena of the physical reality and yet intuitively the abundance of the idea may be felt. By combining the ideas of music and architecture Holl was able to create an analogue between the two practices. By treating music as something that has a materiality, one gained from its instrumentation, he was able to synthesize it with architecture through his use of light and space. The equation that Holl himself writes to explain this is material multiplied by sound and divided by time equals material multiplied by light and divided by space. The key to success of this lies in the distinction that both architecture and music have a material aspect, and this common factor allows parallels to be drawn. To summarize, the practice of architecture and the practice of music have intersected and impacted each other in a variety of ways throughout their histories. These instances can be divided into two distinct categories. The first category involves architecture taking proportional and compositional principles directly from musical theory. Palladios villas ?t into this category as many of the proportions that guided the design were taken from their eras understanding of music and the nature of sound. The second category involves architecture learning from the experiential qualities of music and trying to replicate them in built form. CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW Writer Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe is famous for describing architecture as frozen music in the 19th century. Music and architecture also share similar experiential aspirations. Architectural historian Sir John Summerson notes in his essay The vision of J.M.Gandy that architecture is an art that is constantly attempting to realize in solid, stable form those effects which music is able to conjure up in an instant. He goes on to point out that music and architecture even use a similar vocabulary, specifically the use of mass, rhythm, texture and outline to achieve similar effects such as the colossal. It was Pythagoras who discovered that a vibrating string, stopped at its centre, produced the octave; at two thirds of its length the fifth, and at three quarters, the fourth. From this he developed the series of ratios that result in the twelve tone scale used in western music today. The ratio between the full length of the string and the length stopped, or the ratios between the lengths making different notes have their direct equivalents in the ratios between the sides of the rectangles that have made up much of western architecture in the intervening centuries. Numerous aspects of this relationship between the underlying ratios of music and architecture have been developed and discussed and in this chapter we shall consider the aspects of rhythm, improvisation and emotional response in the light of some of these discussions, and the architecture of Palladio, Le Corbusier, Schindler and Holl. Rhythm Many architects have developed theories of proportion with which to govern and explain their work. These have generated in their turn a significant body of critical analysis and comment. Palladio, like Alberti a century earlier, expounded theories which took up and developed those first proposed by Vitruvius in the 7th Century BC. These were particularly attractive to the spirit of the Renaissance. To the minds of the men of the Renaissance musical consonances were the audible tests of a universal harmony which had a binding force for all the arts. In the 1930s R M Schindler, developed the ideas of module used by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Usonian houses. Here not only the architectural plans, but also the concrete floor slabs were inscribed with grids derived from the sizes of the materials to be used. Schindler took this pragmatic idea and incorporated it into a system of proportion which he described as Reference Frames in Space. The appreciation of this relationship between the mathematics of the ratios and proportions that underlie both music and architecture is of course a purely intellectual exercise. The analogy with music simply amounts to the transference of an established convention in one art to the purposes of another It does not help explain or evaluate the emotional responses that these media can evoke, which is a factor of how the underlying principles are used and manipulated to create the final work. Stretto, the musical term for the overlapping of subjects, and the only strict rule in the formation of fugues, provided Steven Holl with the basis to explore the relationship beyond this intellectual analogy in his Stretto House. The house is directly inspired by Music for Percussion, Strings and Celesta by BÃÆ' ©la BartÃÆ' ³k, in which stretto is used extensively. It is a choice which is particularly apposite as the chief feature of his [BartÃÆ' ³ks] chromatic technique is obedience to the Golden Section in every element. Improvisation In music improvisation is the impromptu or in the moment creation and performance of music as well as spontaneous response to other musicians. It is distinct from untutored or casual composition, in that it requires discipline and a rigorous understanding of the forms and rules in order to be sufficiently coherent to evoke an emotional response. improvisation is a performative (sic) act and depends on instrumental technique, improvisation is a skill. Because the creation of a work of architecture requires rigorous planning and control of all its elements, improvisation is not usually associated with it. The usual view is that architecture cannot be impromptu, it must be planned, detailed and explained thoroughly if all those involved in its production are to collaborate effectively. In his BBC Proms lecture in 2002 Daniel Libeskind confirmed that it is difficult to have improvisation in architecture â€Å" to have rotating players, to have players interpret. He suggested, however, that if the spatiality and materiality is open, then the public can form its own operation on the building. This being, perhaps, the closest that architecture can come to improvisation. Certainly the villas of Palladio, with the proportions of their components controlled by a strict series of ratios, and their spaces assembled according to harmonic sequences, must be considered as careful exercises in composition rather than improvisations. Le Corbusiers villas too are compositions which follow a set of rules governing their proportions; Le Modulor. Within these cool, intellectual compositions, however, there are elements which are freer in form and which play off against, and highlight, the orthogonal correctness of the remainder. Coming finally to Schindler, Sarnitz observes that as his work evolved the great importance attached to proportion in his early work gradually receded; he never repeats the complexity of the Lovell Beach House. This move away from strict adherence to the system of proportion that he himself developed, to more lyrical or spiritual values, is directly analogous to that of a musician who has learnt the disciplines of his instrument and the rules of music to the highest level but feels able to express himself more fully and coherently through improvisation. Schindler, having developed and established his competence in his early work, chose to follow this route after recognising the limitations that a purely intellectual approach can bring to a potentially lyrical art. Most of the buildings which Corbusier and his followers offer us as machines to live in are crude contraptions to serve a purpose. Mere instruments of production can never serve as a frame for life. Emotional response The emotional impact of both music and architecture is generated not by the intellectual understanding and appreciation of the ratios and proportions that govern the relationships of their parts and overall composition. It is a response produced by the composer or architect or improviser by manipulating the material multiplied by sound divided by time and the material multiplied by light and divided by space which Holl proposes as the equivalent formulae for the creation of music and architecture respectively. The power of the piece to move the listener or viewer is in direct ratio to the skill of the creator. Both music and architecture are immediate rather than mediate forms of communication. That is they do not require the intermediation of language. They affect the listener and viewer respectively, of all backgrounds and languages, directly with no need for translation or interpretation. They also both have a physical element to their means of communication. Music can recall the serenity and grandeur of a seascape; so also, says Viollet, [le Duc] can architecture when it has occasion to give us long, unbroken, horizontal lines. Then he compares the emotional effect of a low broad crypt with that of a soaring knave; he notes the physical reactions of a man in these two settings, And both directly affect the emotions and understanding. The very same numbers that cause sounds to have that concinnitas [a certain harmony] pleasing to the ears, can also fill the eyes and mind with wondrous delight. The cool but powerful emotional response generated by the composed serenity and authority of Palladios villas is not simply the result of the principles of proportion that govern the elements of the elevations, but also the extension of these principles to the way that the spaces and volumes are arranged. the systematic linking of one room to the other by harmonic proportions was the fundamental novelty of Palladios architecture, At the other end of the architectural scale, Holls fugue in the Stretto House generates a similar response in the viewer to that, which stretto in music evokes in the listener, namely excitement, acceleration, fuller realization, a certain indescribable ecstasy with the sensation of heightened simultaneity. Another aspect of emotional impact, which may be more mundane but is nevertheless worthy of consideration, is the cumulative effect of the music and architecture that surrounds us as distinct from the impact of a particular work. Emily Thompson posits the importance that advances in sound engineering made to the aural perception of life in the early years of the century, giving rise to the phenomenon that is sometimes referred to as the soundtrack of our life. The idea of a parallel stage set of our lives has been hinted at by author Will Self, if Brutalism is heavy metal, then what was Modernism, Schoenbergs dodecaphony? Clearly the Little Englander Palladian nostalgia of the Prince of Wales, the Quinlan Terry partnership, and even Barratt Homes, is of a piece with light classical music: Viennese waltzes, frozen in red brick, Chapter 4: Improvisation after the Renaissance and after Modernism In the earlier chapter I have established that improvisation in architecture can be considered as the departure of a skilled practitioner from the rules he has mastered in order to express himself more fully or to give coherent expression to new or developing ideas. Albertis De Re Aedificatoria (written about 1450) may be seen as the theoretical foundation for the re-establishment of classical order and proportion in the Renaissance. A century or so later Palladios Quattro Libri (published in 1570), re stated these classical rules, and his buildings followed them strictly. At the same time, however, other architects were interpreting these established rules with varying degrees of freedom. In his two villas on the Capitoline Hill in Rome Michaelangelo took the conventional Corinthian order, enlarged it and ran it through two stories; something that the Romans had never done. Vignola, in his Castello Farnese at Caprarola, designed an entablature that, [I]s a departure from the strict grammar of the antique â€Å" a departure in the direction of inventive modelling, of designing a faÃÆ' §ade as a pattern in light and shade, a pattern through which runs a play of meaning rather than any precise series of statements. Giulio Romano was even freer in his interpretation of the rules of antiquity. His Palazzo del Te, with its affected dilapidation and dropped stones in the entablature and his Cortile della Cavallerizza with its extravagant rustication and twisted Doric finds its equivalent in the developing mannerism of the music of the time. In the late 16th century, as the Renaissance era closes, an extremely manneristic style develops. In secular music, especially in the madrigal, there was a trend towards complexity and even extreme chromaticism (as exemplified in madrigals of Luzzaschi, Marenzio, and Gesualdo). Chromaticism in particular is an essential characteristic of the mannerist style at this time. It demonstrates a departure from the rules regulating the fundamental ratios underlying musical theory which is directly equivalent to that executed by Romano upon the rules of classical architecture as restated by Alberti and Palladio. The Pythagorean tone, with a ratio of 9:8, consists of a minor and a major semi-tone; But only the minor semitone can be used in actual music. For this reason, progressions between Bb â€Å" B natural or F â€Å" F#, or any other equivalent intervals, are forbidden. When the chromatic madrigal begins to abound in such progressions, it raises a flurry of controversy. The relationship between mannerism in architecture and in music may be illustrated by comparing the use of chromaticism by Guesaldo with Romanos use of rustication in the Palazzo del TÃÆ' ¨. On the one hand, Guesaldos madrigals are, full of unresolved dissonances, illogical modulations, and chromatic progressions. These are used to powerful effect to create, disruptive and restless changes of mood, so that the end result is rather like eavesdropping on some unresolvable, private agony. On the other, Romanos use of rustication gives the impression that, Everything is a bit uneasy, a bit wrong. It also [R]ecalls ruins [and] ancient buildings left half-finished. But it has great power and this is very largely because of the dramatic use of rustication. Just as Schindler developed a more improvisational style in his later works as he became disillusioned or cynical about the ethos of the Machine Age,[38] so Le Corbusier may also be considered to have undergone a major shift following the Second World War. This is exemplified by the chapel at Ronchamp, the monastery at La Tourette and the Courts of Justice at Chandigarh, all of which may be considered to be improvisational, with regard to the strict principles of Le Modulor. Charles Jencks observes that this perceived change in direction was seen to condone a new turn for modern architecture. He lists a range of diverse range of architectural movements that drew inspiration from Le Corbusiers later works. CHAPTER 5: CABARET MUSIC and MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE Architecture and cabaret music are closely affiliated, not least because both focus on creating unique atmospheres for a variety of purposes. During the early to mid twentieth century American architecture and cabaret were born out of and represented similar cultural concerns. This chapter considers some of the ways in which architecture and cabaret interact and how cabaret uses principles of architecture, such as the utilisation of space, the division of stage space, the distinction between public and private space, and the use of synthesis in design. Examples of Modern architectural designs, including those of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, built during the thirties and forties will be considered with the aim of identifying shared cultural affiliation between cabaret music and architecture during the mid twentieth century. Cabaret â€Å" the trend of combining music, dance, comedy, and theatre in a public place â€Å" was first established in France in 1881. Throughout both world wars and the Great Depression in America, Cabaret afforded a means of relaxation and the opportunity to celebrate, through shared performance, a variety of cultures, talents and tastes. Monmartre, in France, is recognised as the place where buildings were first constructed specifically for cabaret performance. The Moulin Rouge was built in Pigalle in 1889. At the time, the traditional Monmartre windmills were being pulled down at an alarming rate, which accounts for the construction of the large red windmill on the roof of the Moulin Rouge. The turn-of-the-century interior of Moulin rouge expresses the late Victorian Romantic sensibility, just before the introduction of the Modernist Art Nouveau movement. Elegantly and richly decorated, the cabaret setting was described in 1952 as possessing an atmosphere of tawdry luxury [. .] much like that of a bordello. At the time this would have befitted the styles of music which it was built to stage. Artists such as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec recorded in paint various scenes from this early era of cabaret, such as music-hall singers, women dancers, and women preparing themselves to take to the stage. The flamboyance of early cabaret and the suggestiveness of dances, such as the can-can, paved the way for a relationship between the architectural setting and the music. In the late Victorian era, when more sensual forms of entertainment tended only to be considered as an underground activity, cabaret legitimised more diverse forms of theatre, music and dance, allowing men and women to mingle freely in a public space specifically designed for that purpose. At the time of the popularisation of Cabaret, the pursuit of pleasure had become a popular activity. During the twentieth century new dance halls were erected throughout Europe and in America in order to accommodate the rising popularity of the sociable and edgy form of cabaret entertainment. Cabaret music traditionally involves singing and orchestra, and American cabaret stars included artists such as Eartha Kitt, Nina Simone, and Bette Midler. However, as an art form cabaret declined in popularity during the sixties due to the rising popularity of alternative forms of music, such as rock. Due to the glamour of its beginnings the architectural setting of cabaret traditionally retained elements of luxury, wealth, and flamboyance. On the relationship between Romanticism â€Å" which the late-Victorian introduction of cabaret was celebrating â€Å" and the poetic sensibility, Geoffrey Scott observes that Romanticism may be said to consist in a high development of poetic sensibility t owards the remote, in that it idealises the distant, both of time and place and identifies beauty with strangeness. The elaborate dÃÆ' ©cor of cabaret stages, often including plush red or plum coloured velvet, idealise the sensual and were designed to encourage maximum comfort, pleasure and enjoyment of the entertainment. The designs of traditional cabaret stages were such that the audience area was only minimally lit, with the main focus being on the stage. In Modernist architecture there is suggestion that the culture of cabaret at least crossed over into and was in part incorporated into design. With the introduction of jazz and Broadway style music, cabaret became recognised as being seedier than during the years of its Victorian beginnings. We can explore the parallels between the responses of the two arts to the exigencies of the time by looking at three of the distinguishing qualities of cabaret music and architecture. The popular appeal of cabaret Cabaret deals with emotional or sentimental themes that easily evoke strong responses, rather than intellectual concepts that require esoteric knowledge to be fully appreciated. Frank Lloyd Wrights Usonian homes, built during the 1930s and 1940s, embody the cultural concerns and ideals of the Modern era, and reflect the complexities associated with the Great Depression of the thirties. During this time, many American families looked to cabaret and its music as the solution, albeit temporary, to the stresses of the quotidian drudge associated with the same economic, social and political forces. Usonian houses were intended to deal with the day to day living requirements of the average American family. A large living room for family life, with a big fireplace in It, a triplicate bathroom with sections for the man, the wife and the children and enough space for dressing rooms, closets and perhaps a couch in each, and airy bedrooms, all with easy access to a garden. A significant aspect of popular appeal is the recognition afforded to the performer; the phenomenon of stars. In this regard Wright, at this time, was actively marketing himself as the possessor of a unique, truly American architectural vision, and promoting his reputation as one of the great architects of the century. Variations in cabaret Cabaret offers variety. The subjects of its songs and dances range from tragedy to comedy and its forms from ballad to blues to jazz. It was popular for certain shows to be given to a select audience â€Å" part of the growing consumer culture in which greater emphasis was to be placed on the needs of the patron. In a similar way that cabaret performances were customised, Wright designed buildings with specific elements for patrons. Scholars have already drawn parallels between the designs of Lloyd Wright and music. For example, as expressed by Brooks Pfeiffer and Nordland, Wrights unit system was as an intrinsic part of the organic process of design and construction: just as the warp is discipline for a woven textile, and as the scale and notes are disciplines for the composer of music, so Wright used the unit system as a discipline for design. The modular unit system, based on rectangular and square units, unified and simplified the construction process, and involved the repetition of components such as doors and windows, with an emphasis on geometric pattern and symmetry. Wrights designs were remarkable for their unification of different component parts and ideas, whi