Homosexuality Is a Mental Illness Essay -- Argumentative Essay

Homosexuality Is a handstal Illness The history of gay or aforementioned(prenominal) sex marriages has been long in the satisfying world. Most of the western societies in the early time tolerated it. Astonishingly, they went to an extent of celebrating the same sex relationships and marriages. In quaint Rome, there are evidences of the same sex marriages save their proof is not clear. Same sex marriages can overly be traced in medieval Europe and also the ancient Greece. There are also some other proofs of gay marriages among Africans Native Americans.There have been a lot of evidences which shows that homo sexual desire has been recorded from primordial propagation in the east part of the globe. This yearning is the reason behind gay unions, normally between men. It repeatedly included some variation in age. There has been precise rare information on relationships amongst women in early times. This could be because women were not treated with equal status with men, such that while men were free to get along sexual and romantic pleasure both without and within marriage, women were not allowed (www.gay-art-history.org). In China, Male love was quite encouraged especially in Fujian, the southern province. Men would marry youths in sophisticated ceremonies. These marriages would last long. At the last part of this marriage, the senior partner would help the younger partner find a female person wife so that he could settle down and start a family. At the west, ancient Greece gives us the first western documents regarding gay relationships. In ancient Greece, gay relationships and marriages were a norm in the society. Fortunately, these relationships did not substitute marriage between woman and a man, but occurred beside or before it.During Hellenic times in Europ... ...s morality. Since time in memorial, same sex relationship is deemed immoral and it will remain immoral forever. Allowing this thing to happen openly is to send a bad message to God, the pe ople and the sanity will have been undermined. This goes against gods teaching and according to the holy Bible it is the same reasons that made Sodom and Gomorrah to be burnt down. The same thing can still happen today.ReferencesEric M. Rodriguez (2010). At the Intersection of Church and Gay A Review of the Psychological Research on Gay and sapphic Christians. Journal of Homosexuality.1-35Ralph E. Roughton, (2002) MD. Rethinking homosexuality. What It Teaches Us About Psychoanaysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association.The world history of gay love. Retrieved on 7th December 2010 from www.gay-art-history.org

Tracing the Moral Development of Huck Finn Essay -- Mark Twain The Adv

Tracing the Moral Development of huck Finn Living in the 1800s wasnt an easy task. There were many hardships that a person had to endure. In the unused, The Adventures of Huck Finn, the author Mark Twain portrays the adventure of a young boy. Huck, the young boy, goes on a journey with various dilemmas. The novel starts off in Missouri on the Mississippi River. Huck is taken from his guardians by his father and then decides to runaway from him. On his journey, he meets up with his occasion slave, Jim. While Huck and Jim are traveling down the Mississippi River, they meet a variety of people. Throughout the novel he takes on many diverse tasks which help shape his moral conscience. Taking on a new friend which society shuns, being without material possessions, and taking responsibility for his actions help Huck refine and reform the morals that make him a more mature young man.Huck develops morally from his companion on his journey, Jim, a runaway slave. At first, Huck doesnt respect Jim because hes his slave. He slipped Jims hat off his head and hung it on a limb right over him P.6. This shows how Huck likes to trick Jim and play games on him. Later the two meet up on an island and immediately befriend and join up together. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that if Id a knew it would make him feel that way. P.86. Huck says this after fooling Jim and telling him that a real event was just a dream of his. He r...

Free Speech in Cyberspace :: Technology Internet Computer Essays

Free Speech in CyberspaceABSTRACT Reno v. ACLU, the 1997 landmark conclusiveness by the United States domineering Court providing sweeping protection to diction on the cyberspace, is usually discussed in terms of familiar First Amendment issues. Little noticed in the decision is the implication of the ontological assumptions of the justices in their first visit to cyberspace. I analyze the apparent awareness of the Supreme Court of ontological issues and problems with their approaches. I also grapple that their circulating(prenominal) ontological assumptions dumbfound left open the door to future suppression of free speech as the technology progresses. Ontology is significant because district in the corporeal world has long been recognized as a way to segregate adult sport from minors. So far, at least, the justices seem to agree that such zoning is not achievable in cyberspace, and therefore that adult zones for certain forms of expression are not possible. But this conc lusion is far from settled. The degree of free speech on the Internet in the future will depend on whether or not our ontological understanding of cyberspace supports such zoning or renders it incoherent or impossible. Reno v. ACLU is the 1997 landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court providing sweeping free speech protection on the Internet. Understandably, commentators from legal and political spheres have discussed the case in terms of familiar First Amendment issues, including precedents from telecommunications law, the long-recognized exception to free speech for obscenity, and concern for the exposure of children to inappropriate materials.Little noticed in the decision is the significance of the ontological assumptions of the justices in their first visit to cyberspace. I will analyze their apparent awareness of ontological issues and problems with their approaches. I also will argue that their current ontological assumptions might have left open the door to future suppress ion of free speech as the technology progresses. How do ontological assumptions open the door to censorship? Zoning in the physical world has long been established as a way to segregate adult entertainment from minors, as with the creation of adult book store and entertainment zones. So far, at least, most of the justices seem to agree that such zoning is not possible in cyberspace, and, therefore, that adult zones for certain forms of expression are not possible either. But this conclusion is far from settled. The degree of free speech on the Internet in the future will depend on whether or not our ontological understanding of cyberspace supports such zoning or renders it incoherent and olibanum impossible.

Sept 11 2001 Attacks and Cover Up Essay -- essays research papers

Sept 11 2001 AttacksThroughout history there have occurred many tragic events. On Sept. 11, 2001 an unforgettable event occurred, and will be remember throughout the ages of the United States history. On the tragic day of 9/11 a day that will be unforgettable, the unthinkable happened. The terror stuck the partiality of New York City, two planes crashed into the world trade center and total chaos occurred, and lives where helpless, and many injured. The terror didnt end there, other plane hit The Pentagon. Thousands of lives were lost in a single morning, people scatter for help and to be saved, and some died trying to save them. On the morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorists attached with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. Each team of hijackers included a trained pilot. The hijackers crashed two of the airliners (United Airlines flight of stairs 175 and American Airlines Flight 11) into the World Trade Center in New York City, one plane into each tower and resulting in the collapse of both buildings soon afterward. A near church and the rest of the World Trade Center complexs 7 buildings were also destroyed or damaged beyond repair. A third airliner (American Airlines Flight 77) was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. Passengers and members of the flight crew on the fourth aircraft (United Airlines Flight 93) attempted to retake control of their plane from the hijackers, that plane crashed into a field near the town of Shanks Ville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania. In addition to the 19 hijackers, 2,973 people died, another 24 are missing and presumed dead. But I think theres more behind the story.Despite their claims of having been taken unawares and with complete surpr... ...ely following 9/11, and after he emerged from hiding, hot seat Bush lavishly praised his accomplices in the FBI and warned make those who might dare to question or criticize the agency. Moreover, although he had grou nded all commercial and private jets, he made one critical exception The stash away Laden family, with whom he and his father had personal and financial ties, were allowed to escape questioning and the U.S. and to fly back to Saudi Arabia. Both President Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney also began threatening those who were suggesting that the events leading up to 9/11 should have been anticipated, and both Bush and Cheney urged Senate and House Republican leaders and Democratic absolute majority Leader Tom Daschle to block any investigation into the events of Sept. 11. The cover up began well before 9/11. The cover up continues to this day.

Essay example --

Obama Administration proposed what is called Comprehensive in-migration Reform. It is composed of six sections aimed at fixing the current in-migration system. It includes enhanced border enforcement, interior enforcement and the around controversial section an amnesty program to legalize undocumented immigrants. In other words, it creates a pathway to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants that is fair and feasible. Many argue that plane though Comprehensive Immigration Reform is good for America because it squalles important issues like creating a committee to adopt the number of visas available to changing economical times, preventing people from working without permits and creating programs aimed at helping immigrants adjust to life in America. Yet it rewards violators of current U.S. laws who entered the country illegally, and those who entered the country legally but overstayed their visas. Opponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform proposal claim that immigrants h ave a negative impact on the economy overwhelming social services of many states, and posing a threat to American workers as a result of big corporations exploiting immigrants with low wages and poor working conditions. With the recent economic downturn and the severe recessional that hit the U.S, many individuals blame immigrants for their economic misfortune and lack of employment. For both the opponents and proponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal, for the millions of the undocumented immigrants and their families, and lawmakers immigration has become an emotional policy-making issue. Despite the resistance of many, America should embrace comprehensive immigration reform.The current immigration system is separating families, and devastating w... ...e private sector to find new step-up opportunities and create new jobs. Furthermore, America always has been, and always will be a country of immigrants. Despite that rich tradition, Congress has not updated the countrys immigration policies in three decades. However, Congress now has an opportunity to fix the immigration system and improve the economic well-being of all Americans. Failure to address the issue will have severe consequences for Americas future and well-being, and that is why how America reforms the immigration system will determine its future. The current immigration system is outdated, broken, and reveals that Comprehensive Immigration Reform is urgently needed, and is good for Americas workers and the economy. Despite the claims, complaints and the resistance of many, Americans should welcome, accept and support Comprehensive Immigration Reform.

Essay example --

Obama Administration proposed what is c all in alled cosmopolitan Immigration Reform. It is composed of six sections aimed at fixing the current immigration system. It includes enhanced borderline enforcement, interior enforcement and the most controversial section an amnesty program to legalize undocumented immigrants. In other words, it creates a pathway to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants that is fair and feasible. legion(predicate) argue that even though Comprehensive Immigration Reform is good for America because it addresses important issues like creating a committee to adopt the number of visas functional to changing economic times, preventing people from working without permits and creating programs aimed at helping immigrants adjust to life in America. Yet it rewards violators of current U.S. laws who entered the country illegally, and those who entered the country legally merely overstayed their visas. Opponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform proposal claim that immigrants have a negative impact on the economy overwhelming social services of many a(prenominal) states, and posing a threat to American workers as a result of big corporations exploiting immigrants with low wages and poor working conditions. With the recent economic downswing and the severe recession that hit the U.S, many individuals blame immigrants for their economic misfortune and lack of employment. For both the opponents and proponents of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Proposal, for the millions of the undocumented immigrants and their families, and lawmakers immigration has run an emotional political issue. Despite the resistance of many, America should embrace comprehensive immigration reform.The current immigration system is separating families, and devastating w... ...e private sector to comment new growth opportunities and create new jobs. Furthermore, America always has been, and always will be a country of immigrants. Despite that rich traditio n, Congress has non updated the countrys immigration policies in three decades. However, Congress now has an opportunity to fix the immigration system and improve the economic well-being of all Americans. Failure to address the issue will have severe consequences for Americas future and well-being, and that is why how America reforms the immigration system will insure its future. The current immigration system is outdated, broken, and reveals that Comprehensive Immigration Reform is urgently needed, and is good for Americas workers and the economy. Despite the claims, complaints and the resistance of many, Americans should welcome, accept and support Comprehensive Immigration Reform.

Critical Thinking Application Essay

censorious thinking is defined as reasonable pensive taste concerning on decision of what one to do or to believe. More precisely, critical thinking can be described as the assessment of accuracy, genuineness as sound as the worthiness of arguments and education claims (Kemp, & Bowell, 2005). It requires precise, careful, persistent as well as objective analysis of knowledge claim and also the intuitive feeling of judging its worth or validity. Critical thinking requires sense of beliefs and thoughts to have basis on the objective facts.Core skills in critical thinking hold interpretation, inference, analysis, explanation, evaluation and meta-cognition (Kemp, & Bowell, 2005). Experts have agreed that, group or individual who engage in a strong critical thinking mostly give callable consideration on the judgment context, evidence, relevant criteria of making good judgment, Techniques or methods applicable for forming judgment as well as theoretical constructs applicable for s agaciousness well the question in hand and the problem.Apart form having the skills of critical thinking, one should further be disposed in engaging decisions and problems development this skills (Elder, & Paul, 2002). Critical thinking non only employs logic but also uses wide intellectual criteria including clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, credibility, breadth, depth, significance as well as fairness.Positive mind riding habit that characterize person who is strongly disposed in critical thinking may include courageous desire in following an evidence or reason in wherever they are leading, open-mindedness, inquisitiveness, attention of foreseeing possible consequences on their choices, solving problems in systematic approach, fair mindedness, judgment maturity as well as reasoning confidence (Lavery, & Hughes, 2004).In solving reflective problem and making thoughtful decision using the critical thinking, one has to investigate the evidence, the judgment context, criteri a relevant for making good judgment, techniques or methods applicable in forming judgment as well as theoretical constructs applicable for understanding question in hand and the problem. Critical thinker is a person who considers and explores m either possibilities as possible.His thoughts are not limited by any doctrines or rules and he avoids using emotions in justifying his ideas. Critical thinker well understands he has to follow the rules but knows how to think outside the rules (Lavery, & Hughes, 2004). He or she usually avoids taking things on the baptismal font value since he understands things that are commonly accepted at certain times may be wrong. Thinking in a unique or new way may make one to discover new things.Critical thinker mostly keeps in his mind on things which he perceives to be wrong. Neo natal intensive care nursery is a field that requires a staff working there to think critically. Working in any of this organization involves interaction with many people e specially parents who have contrary problems and need to be assisted. For staffs who are thinking critically, he or she must not be emotional in dealing with these persons even if they may not be conducting themselves in the right manner but they may not be aware.As a secretary in this healthcare, one should be ready to assist any one especially those who are much pressed by a problem even if the work session is ending since saving someones life is very important. As a secretary in neo natal intensive care nursery also, you should be ready to know how to live with the parents of small children and console them and even give them hope that their babies give be alright.Thinking critically can help a secretary in neo natal healthcare to socialize with any one including the parents as well as the other neo natal staff and build a good relationship, which can result to cooperation and thus have an environment contributing(prenominal) for working. Furthermore, thinking critically in su ch environment would lead into making sound decisions and hence avoid conflicts that may arise in the organization since different people have different way of thinking and understanding. ?

Irish Violence and the Troubles Essay

In this essay I will examine the effect of silence during the troubles on individual and depicted object identities with particular interest to Seamus Deanes Reading in the Dark, Tim Pat Coogan conjures that the term Irish Troubles refers to a whole history of forcefulness and colonialism that Ireland has endured, over the last railyard years. To the physical force school of Irish nationalism the Norman coming is generally regarded as the starting point for eight hundred years of British oppression (Coogan, 1996, p. 43).In addition to this, he explains that the term troubles, is now directed to the modern, twentieth century troubles. They mainly occurred during 1960 to 1998. The reason for the violence and resentment in northerly Ireland is due to the divisions between the nationalists (Roman Catholics) and the unionists (Protestants). The nationalists identify Northern Ireland as part of Ireland, not a separate country, and not another colony of the United Kingdom whereas the uni onists accommodate great allegiance to Britain and regard their position as part of the UK with pride (Coogan, 1996, p. 1).But the Irish agony had been building up slowly also, rooted in complex occurrenceors, one of which geography, pre-dates the dawn of history others involve the outworkings of two forms of colonialism, those of Mother Church and Mother England (Coogan, 1996, p. 1). Discrimination also factored into the tension between the two groups. The unionists rule over Northern Ireland affected most Catholic lives negatively, as they were a minority they were discriminated in areas of employment, housing and education. Internment or also known as Operation Demetrius is one key issue that contributed to the beginning of the troubles (Coogan, 1996. 30).This was introduced by the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary it involved arresting anyone who was accused of being against the victor military force immediately, without trial. These aspects stirred resentment f rom the nationalists and inconsequence caused violent rebellion (Coogan, 1996, p. 145). Thus, the violence that was carried out during the troubles, was chiefly by the IRA (Irish Republic Army), the Ulster Volunteer Force, the British Army and The Royal Ulster Constabulary (Coogan, 1996, p. 18).The aggression of the troubles constructed Northern Ireland to be a place of great instability and tension. In his book The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon comments on the state of the colonized mind. Fanon was a psychiatrist and a theorist of post-colonialism. His work essentially centred on the developing countries, particularly Algeria. In order to break away from colonisation, Fanon advocates violence to the colonised and he is renowned for this factor (Fanon, 1967, pp. 10-11). His main concern is his patients, who are mentally ill.In his final chapter Colonial War and Mental Disorders, he explains that his patients obtain not merely by war but also from a colonial incident (Fanon, 1967, p. 235). But the doctors described it by portraying as a congenital stigma of the native, an original part of his nervous system where, it was stated, it was possible to find the proof of a predominance of the extra-pyramidal system in the native. This contracture is in fact simply the postural accompaniment to the natives reticence, the expression in muscular form of his rigidity and his refusal with regard to colonial authority (Fanon, 1967, p. 35).It is this colonial circumstance that inevitably yields the native into a nervous, mental state. Fanon pays close attention to language and asserts that language is taken away from the colonised subject (Fanon, 1967, p. 194). The language of colonising involves removing the natives language and speech. Consequently, the colonised is silenced, and this is an oppressive act. Silence is defined in The Oxford English Dictionary as an absence of sound and speech it can be an nonpayment of discussing something in particular, or it can be something that is forced upon (Soanes and Stevenson, 2008, p. 1342).Sara Maitland, author of A Book of Silence, attempts to understand silence and claims that the OEDs definition is far too indeterminate (Maitland, 2008, p. 25). She explores the essence of it in several ways her own life, history, religion, literature and travel. It is apparent from this book that silence is an ambiguous phenomenon that consists of both positive and negative dimensions. Silence is purloin and transforms itself it can be relative or a complete absence. Maitland observes that it is generally recognised negatively, her friend writes in a letter that, silence is the place of death, of steer (Maitland, 2008, p. 8).She justifies that silence is only negative when it obstructs. Maitland describes the three forms of interferences a subjects tongue is cut out then they are silenced if someone is imprisoned, they are silenced, since any noise they make will not be heard if speech is construed as worthle ss and meaningless, then it is silenced (Maitland, 2008, p. 29). This is very telling and useful for your average oppressor calling someone mad, for example, means they can say what they like but no one will hear this was the break up of silencing the Soviet Union went in for (Maitland, 2008, p. 9).This form of silence interrupts speech and creates a barrier that subjugates the potential speaker. It is oppressive and in effect it becomes a metaphorical prison. Seamus Deanes novel Reading in the Dark was published in1996, two years before the end of the troubles. The novel is a bildungsroman, as it reports the whizs growth from child to an adult, so the reader witnesses the protagonists youthful innocence transform with experience, as he comes of age. The narrator is an Irish Catholic boy who is growing up in Northern Ireland, Derry.It is constructed of smaller stories that are dated from 1945 up to 1971, where the protagonist matures into an adult. These stories are fragments of memories, conversations, myths and events that happened in the area. They contribute in narrating the protagonists growth from a new-made child to an adult. Thus with backdrop of the violent troubles, the narrator develops his understanding of who he is, by unearthing a profound family secret (Deane, 1996). Deane complicates the whole novel by play with silence. The style of narration is one of the key methods that he employs to do this.Before the narration begins, the title Reading in the Dark indicates towards a news report of silence and so to a narrative that will be indecipherable. As mentioned before, this novel is a bildungsroman, a story of self-discovery and identity. Ensuing this, to read is to understand, and so the protagonist will understand and discover himself by reading. However, reading in the bad is a paradox, as it is impossible and in result self-discovery is silenced. The opposite of dark is light, and light is generally associated with illumination and kno wledge (Farquharson, 1999, p. 101).Whereas, darkness contains an absence, so it becomes the visual equivalent to silence. Deane implies through this understanding of the title that the unfolding of the narrative will be an intricate and complicated process. This displays that the colonial landscape of Northern Ireland and the troubles create identity as problematic. Pre-eminent among them are the disfiguring effects of both colonialism and postcolonial nationalism alluded to above, the crisis of self-representation produced by colonialist discourse, and the dynamics of male monarch and resistance, history and memory, language and identity within colonial relations.Read from postcolonial perspective, the novel could be described as an exploration of the problematic process of identity organization in a colonialist context (Harte, 2000, p. 152). As a result, Deane deliberately confirms through his title that self-discovery and understanding of identity is furthermore complex in a col onised state (Fanon, 1967, p. 182). In consequence, darkness obstructs light and silence obstructs articulation. Therefore, silence hinders the narration.

Input/Output Organization

INPUT/OUTPUT ORGANIZATION Accessing I/O Devices I/O larboard In baffle/output mechanism remembering-mapped I/O y pp / Programmed I/O hinders Direct Memory Access hatfules Synchronous Bus Asynchronous Bus I/O in CO and O/S Programmed I/O Interrupts DMA (Direct memory Access) A mickle is a sh ard out talk link, which uses one , set of wires to connect multiplex subsystems. The two major advantages of the double-decker organization are versatility and low cost. Accessing I/O Devices Most new-fangled calculating machines use single cumulus arrangement for connecting I/O plaits to CPU & Memory The mass enables all the winds attached to it to exchange information Bus consists of 3 set of guides Address, Data, restrain processor places a particular control (unique for an I/O Dev. ) on organise product lines Device which recognizes this lead responds to the commands issued on the Control lines central processing unit quests for either Read / Write The selective information will be placed on Data lines Hardware to connect I/O devices to b t great deal Interface Circuit Address Decoder Control Circuits Data registers attitude registers The Registers in I/O Interface buffer and control Flags in Status Registers like SIN, SOUT Registers, SIN Data Registers, like Data-IN, Data-OUT I/O interface for an input device Memory Address Processor Data Control Address Add Decoders Control C t l term of enlistments Data d t t D t and status registers I/O /O Interface Input device (s) p ( ) Input Output mechanism h i Memory mapped I/O Programmed I/O Interrupts DMA (Direct memory Access)A bus generally contains a set of control lines and a set of info lines. The control lines are used to augur requests and acknowledgments, and to indicate what grapheme of information is on the information lines. The control lines are used to indicate what the bus contains and to implement the bus protocol. The data lines of the bus put up info rmation amidst the source and the destination. This information may consist of data, complex commands, or addresses. Buses are traditionally classified as processor-memory di i ll l ifi d buses or I/O buses or finical purposed buses (Graphics, etc. ).Processor memory buses are short, generally high speed, and matched to the memory system so as to maximize memoryprocessor bandwidth. I/O b buses, b contrast, abide be lengthy, skunk have many by t t b l th h types of devices affiliated to them, and often have a all-embracing range in the data bandwidth of the devices connected to them. I/O buses do non typically interface in a flash to the memory but use either a processor-memory or a backplane bus to connect to memory. The major disadvantage of a bus is that it creates a communication bottleneck possibly limiting the maximum I/O bottleneck, throughput.When I/O must pass through a single bus, the bus bandwidth of that bus limits the maximum I/O throughput. Reason why b R h bus d i design is so gruelling i diffi lt the maximum bus speed is largely limited by physical factors the length of the bus and the number of devices. These physical limits prevent us from running the bus ar srarily fast. In addition, the need to support a range of devices with widely varying latencies and data transfer rates also makes bus design challenging. it becomes difficult to run many parallel wires at high speed due to clock skew and reflection reflection.The two basic schemes for communication on the bus are synchronous and asynchronous. If a bus is synchronous (e. g. Processor-memory), it includes a clock in the control lines and a fixed protocol for communicating that is relative to the clock. g This type of protocol can be implemented easily in a small finite state machine. Because the protocol is predetermined and involves little logic, the bus can run very fast and the interface logic will be small. Synchronous buses have two major disadvantages First, every devic e on the bus must run at the same clock rate. Second, because of clock skew problems, synchronous buses cannot be long if they are fast. An A asynchronous b h bus i not clocked. It can accommodate a is t l k d d t wide pastiche of devices, and the bus can be leng becauseed without worrying closely clock skew or synchronization problems. To coordinate the transmission of data amid transmitter and receiver, an asynchronous bus uses a handshaking protocol. Three special control lines required for hand-shaking ReadReq Used to indicate a read request for memory. The address is put on the data lines at the same cadence.DataRdy Used t i di t th t th d t D t Rd U d to indicate that the data word is now ready on the di d th data lines asserted by Output/Memory and Input/I_O Device. Ack Used to acknowledge the ReadReq or the DataRdy aim of the other(a) party. I/O Dev. Memory Steps after(prenominal) the device signals a request by raising ReadReq and putting the address on the Data lin es 1. When memory sees the ReadReq line, it reads the address from the data bus and raises Ack to indicate it has been seen. 2. As the Ack line is high I/O releases the ReadReq and data lines. g / q 3.Memory sees that ReadReq is low and drops the Ack line to acknowledge the ReadReq signal (Mem. Reading in progress now). 4. This step starts when the memory has the data ready. It places the data from the read request on the data lines and raises DataRdy. 5. The I/O device sees DataRdy, reads the data from the bus, and signals that it has the data by raising Ack. 6. On the Ack signal, M/M drops DataRdy, and releases the data lines. 7. Finally, the I/O device, seeing DataRdy go low, drops the Ack line, which indicates that the transmission is completed. Memory mapped I/O I/O devices and the memory share the same address space the space, arrangement is called Memory-mapped I/O. In Memory-mapped I/O portions of address space are assigned to I/O devices and reads and make unnecessarys to those addresses are interpreted as commands to the I/O device. DATAIN is the address of the input buffer associated with the keyboard. Move DATAIN, R0 reads the data from DATAIN and stores them into processor register R0 Move R0, DATAOUT sends the limit of register R0 to location DATAOUT g Option of special I/O address space or incorporate as a part of memory address space (address bus is same endlessly).When the processor places the address and data on the memory bus, the memory system ignores the act because the address indicates a portion of the memory space used for I/O. The device ascendence, however, sees the operation, records the data, and transmits it to the device as a command. User programs are p p g prevented from issuing I/O g / operations directly because the OS does not entrust access to the address space assigned to the I/O devices and thus the addresses are protected by the address translation. Memory mapped I/O can also be used to transmit data by writing or reading to select addresses.The device uses the address to determine the type of command, and the data may be provided by a write or obtained by a read. A program request usually requires several separate I/O operations. Furthermore, the processor may have to interrogate the status of the device between individual commands to determine whether the command completed successfully. DATAIN DATAOUT STATUS retain 7 6 5 4 DIRQ KIRQ DEN KEN SOUT SIN 3 2 1 0 I/O operation involving keyboard and display devices Registers DATAIN, DATAOUT, STATUS, CONTROL Flags SIN, SOUT Provides status information for keyboard nd display unit KIRQ, DIRQ Keyboard, Display Interrupt request bits DEN, KEN Keyboard, Display Enable bits Programmed I/O CPU has direct control over I/O S Sensing status i t t Read/write commands Transferring data CPU waits for I/O module to complete operation Wastes CPU time In this case, use dedicated I/O instructions in the processor. These I/O instructions can specify b oth the device number and the command word (or the location of the command word in memory). The processor communicates the device address via a set of wires normally included as part of the I/O bus.The actual command can be transmitted over the data lines in the bus. bus (example Intel IA-32) IA-32). By making the I/O instructions illegal to execute when not in kernel or supervisor system user programs can be way, prevented from accessing the devices directly. The process of periodically checking status bits to see if it is time for the next I/O operation, is called polling. Polling is the simplest way for an I/O device to communicate with the processor processor. The I/O device simply puts the information in a Status register, register and the processor must come and get along the information.The processor is totally in control and does all the work. A ISA program to read one line from the keyboard, store it in memory buffer and iterate it back to the display buffer, The disad vantage of polling is that it can waste a lot of processor time because processors are so much faster than I/O devices devices. The processor may read the Status register many times, lone(prenominal) to find that the device has not yet completed a comparatively slow up I/O operation, or that the mouse has not budged since the last time it was polled.When the device completes an operation, we must still read the status to determine whether it (I/O) was successful. Overhead in a polling interface call for to the invention of cut offs to notify the processor when an I/O device requires attention from the processor. Interrupt-driven I/O, Interrupt driven I/O employs I/O disassembles to indicate to the processor that an I/O device needs attention. When a device wants to notify the processor that it has completed some operation or needs attention, it causes the processor to be parted.Interrupts I/O INTERRUPT Processor When I/O Device is ready, it sends the INTERRUPT signal to proce ssor via a dedicated controller line Using interrupt we are ideally eliminating WAIT period In rejoinder to the interrupt, the processor executes the Interrupt Service map (ISR) All the registers flags program counter values are saved registers, flags, by the processor before running ISR The time required to save status & pertain contribute to execution overhead ? Interrupt Latency p y nterrupt-acknowledge signal I/O device interface p y accomplishes this by execution of an instruction in the interrupt- good routine (ISR) that accesses a status or data register in the device interface implicitly informs the device that its interrupt request has been recognized. IRQ signal is then removed by device. ISR is a sub-routine may belong to a different user than the one being executed and then halted. The condition code flags and the contents of any registers used by both the fitful program and the interrupt-service interrupt service routine are saved and restored restored.The fa ncy of interrupts is used in operating systems and i many control applications, where processing of d in l li i h i f certain routines must be accurately timed relative to external events (e. g. real-time processing). Interrupt Hardware p Pull up Pull-up thwarter INTR = INTR1 +.. +INTR n INTR An equivalent circuit for an plainspoken drain bus used to implement a open-drain common interrupt-request line Interrupt Hardware Supply pp y R INTR Processor Pull-up resister INTR 1 INTR 2 INTR 3 INTR = INTR1 +.. +INTR n GND INTR Enabling and Disabling Interrupts Device activates interrupt signal line and waits with this signal activated until processors attends The interrupt signal line is active during execution of ISR and till the device caused interrupt is serviced Necessary to ensure that the active signal does not lead to successive disruptions (level-triggered input) causing (level triggered the system to fall in infinite loop. What if the same d i h h device i interrupts again, within an ISR ? i i hi Three methods of Controlling Interrupts (single device) Ignoring interrupt Disabling interrupts Special Interrupt request line Ignoring Interrupts Processor hardware ignores the interrupt request line until the execution of the first instruction of the ISR completed Using an interrupt disable instruction after the first instruction of the ISR no further interrupts A hold from interrupt instruction is completed before further interruptions can occur Disabling Interrupts Processor automatically disables interrupts before starting the execution of the ISR The processor saves the contents of PC and PS (status register) before performing interrupt disabling. The interrupt-enable is set to 0 no further interrupts allowed When return from interrupt instruction is executed the contents of the PS are restored from the stack, and the interrupt enable is set to 1 Special Interrupt line p p Special interrupt request line for which the interrupt handling ci rcuit responds only t th l di h dli i it d l to the leading edge of d f the signal Edge triggered g gg Processor receives only one request regardless of how long the line is activated N separate i t No t interrupt di bli t disabling i t instructions tiThe sequence of events involved in handling an interrupt request from a single device. Assuming that interrupts are enabled, the following is a typical scenario 1. 1 The device raises an interrupt request request. 2. The processor interrupts the program currently being executed. t d 3. Interrupts are disabled by changing the control bits in the PS (except in the case of edge-triggered interrupts) interrupts). 4. The device is informed that its request has been recognized, and in response, it deactivates the interrupti d di d ti t th i t t request signal. . The action requested by the interrupt is performed by the interrupt-service routine. 6. Interrupts are enabled and execution of the interrupted program is resumed. Handling Multip le Devices Multiple devices can initiate interrupts p p They uses the common interrupt request line y p q Techniques are q Polling Vectored Interrupts p Interrupt Nesting Daisy Chaining y g Polling Scheme The IRQ (interrupt request) bit in the status register is set when a device is requesting an interrupt. The Interrupt service routine polls the I/O devices connected to the bus. The first device encountered with the IRQ bit set is serviced and the subroutine is invoked. Easy to implement, but too much time spent on checking the IRQ bits of all devices, though some devices may not be requesting service. Vectored Interrupts Device requesting an interrupt identifies itself directly to the processor The device sends a special code to the processor over the bus. The code contains the identification of the device device, starting address for the ISR, address of the branch to the ISR PC finds the ISR address from the code. To add flexibility for multiple devices correspo nding ISR is executed by the processor using a branch address to the appropriate routine device specified Interrupt Vector. An interrupt vector is the memory address of an interrupt handler, or an index into an array called an interrupt vector table or dispatch table a table of interrupt vectors (pointers to routines that handle interrupts).Interrupt vector tables contain the memory addresses of interrupt handlers. When an interrupt is generated, the processor saves its execution state via a context switch, and begins execution of the interrupt handler at the interrupt b i ti f th i t t h dl t th i t t vector. The Interrupt Descriptor Table ( p p (IDT) is specific to the ) p I386 architecture. It tells where the Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) are located. Each interrupt number is taciturn for a specific purpose. For example, 16 of the vectors are reserved for the 16 IRQ lines.Q On PCs, the interrupt vector table (IVT or IDT) consists of 256 4-byte pointers the first 32 (0-31 o r 00-1F) of which are reserved f for processor exceptions the rest f for hardware interrupts, software interrupts. This resides in the first 1 K of addressable memory. Interrupt Nesting Pre-Emption of low priority Interrupt by another high Pre Emption priority interrupt is known as Interrupt nesting. Di bli Disabling I t Interrupts d i t during th execution of th ISR the ti f the may not favor devices which need immediate attention. Need a priority of IRQ devices and evaluate IRQ from a high priority device. The priority level of the processor can be changed y y dynamically. The privileged instruction write in the PS (processor status word) that encodes the processors priority word), priority. Interrupt Nesting (contd. ) Pro ocessor INTR1 Device 1 INTA 1 Device 2 INTRp .. . Device p INTA p Priority arbitration circuit Organizing I/O devices in a prioritized structure. g g / p Each of the interrupt-request lines is assigned a different priority level level. The processor is i nterrupted only by a high priority device. Daisy Chaining The interrupt request line INTR is common to all the devices The interrupt acknowledgement line INTA is connected to devices in a DAISY CHAIN way INTA propagates serially through the devices Device that is electrically closest to the processor gets high hi h priority i i Low priority device may have a danger of STARVATION INTR P Processor r Device D i 1 INTA Device D i 2 .. Device n D i Daisy Chaining with Priority Group Combining Daisy chaining and Interrupt nesting to form p priority group yg p Each group has different priority levels and within each group devices are connected in daisy chain wayINTR1 Proc cessor Device 1 Device 1 INTA 1 INTR p . . . . Device D i 1 INTA p Priority arbitration circuit Device D i 1 Arrangement of priority groups Direct Memory Access (DMA) For I/O transfer, Processor determines the status of I/O devices, by Polling Waiting for Interrupt signal Considerable overhead is incurred in abo ve I/O transfer processing To transfer large blocks of data at high Speed, between EXTERNAL devices & Main Memory, DMA approach is often used DMA controller allows data transfer directly between I/O device d i and d Memory, M with i h minimal i l intervention i i of f processor. Direct Memory Access (DMA) DMA controller acts as a Processor, but it is controlled by CPU To initiate transfer of a block of words, the processor sends the following data to controller The starting address of the memory block The word count h d Control to specify the mode of transfer such as read or write A control to start the DMA transfer DMA controller performs the requested I/O operation and sends a interrupt to the processor upon completion 1 Status and Control Starting address Word count In ? ? ? IRQ 30 IE 1 R/W 0 Done DMA interface g g First register stores the starting address Second register stores Word count Third register contains status and control flags Bits and Flags R/W Done IRQ IE 1 READ Data transfer finishes Interrupt request Raise interrupt (enable) after Data Transfer 0 economise Processor Main memory Disk/DMA controller DMA controller Printer Keyboard Disk Disk Network Interface Use of DMA Controller in a computer system Memory accesses by the processor and DMA Controller are interwoven DMA devices have higher priority then processor over passenger car control Cycle Stealing- DMA Controller steals memory cycles from processor, though processor originates most memory access. Block or Burst mode- The of data without interruption Conflicts in DMA Processor and DMA, Two DMA controllers, try to use the Bus at the same time to access the main memory DMA controller may inclined exclusive access to the main memory to transfer a blockDMA and Interrupt Breakpoints During D i an I t Instruction Cycle ti C l Bus arbitrement Bus master device that initiates data transfers on the bus. The next device can compact control of the bus after the current master r elinquishes control Bus Arbitration process by which the next device to become master is selected Centralized and Distributed Arbitration BBSY P Processor r BR BG1 DMA controller 1 BG2 DMA controller 2 A simple arrangement for bus arbitration using a daisy chain BR (bus request ) line open drain line the signal on this line is a logical OR of the bus request from all the g q DMA devices BG (bus grant) line processor activates this line indicating (acknowledging) to all the DMA devices (connected in daisy chain fashion) that the BUS may be used when its free free. BBSY (bus busy) line open collector line the current bus master i di b indicates d i devices that i i currently using h it is l i the bus by signaling this line BBSY Processor BR BG1 DMA controller 1 BG2DMA controller 2 Sequence of signals during data transfer of bus mastership Centralized Arbitration Separate unit (bus arbitration circuitry) connected to the bus Processor is normally the bus master, unless it g rants bus mastership to DMA For the timing/control, in previous slide DMA controller 2 requests and acquires bus mastership and later releases the bus. During its tenure as the bus master, it may perform one or more data transfer operations, depending on whether it is p , p g operating in the cycle stealing or block mode.After it releases the bus, the processor resumes bus mastership. Distributed Arbitration All devices waiting to use the bus has to carry out the arbitration process no central arbiter Each device on the bus is assigned with a identification number 4-bit maven or more devices request the bus by asserting q y g the start-arbitration signal and place their identification number on the four open collector lines ARB0 through ARB3 are the four open collector lines One among the four is selected using the code on the lines and one with the highest ID numberA distributed arbitration scheme grow that two devices, A and B, having ID numbers 5 and 6, respectively, are requesting the use of the bus. Device A transmits the pattern 0101, and device B transmits the pattern 0110. p The code seen by both devices is 0111. Each device compares the pattern on the arbitration lines to its own ID, starting from the most significant bit. If it detects a variation at any bit position, it disables its drivers at that bit position and for all lower-order bits. It does so by placing a 0 at the input of these drivers drivers.In the case of our example, device A detects a difference on line ARB I. Hence, it disables its drivers on diff li I H i di bl i d i lines ARB 1 and ARBO. This causes the pattern on the arbitration lines to change to 0110, which means that B has won the contention. Universal Serial Bus (USB) The USB supports two speeds of operation called lowoperation, low speed (1. 5 megabits/s) and full-speed (12 megabits/s). The Th most recent revision of the bus specification (USB i i f h b ifi i 2. 0) introduced a third speed of operation, called high- speed (480 megabits/s).The USB has been knowing to meet several key objectives -P Provide a simple, low-cost, and easy to use interconnection id i l l t d t i t ti system that overcomes the difficulties due to the limited number of I/O ports available on a computer Accommodate a wide range of data transfer characteristics for I/O devices, including telephone and Internet connections / , g p Enhance user convenience through a plug-and-play mode of operation USB Bandwidths A low-speed rate of 1. 5 Mbit/s (183 kB/s) is outlined by USB 1. 0.It is intended primarily to save cost in lowbandwidth human interface devices (HID) such as keyboards, ( ) y , mice, and joysticks. The full-speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1. 43 MB/s) is the full speed ( 1. 43 basic USB data rate defined by USB 1. 1. All USB hubs support full-bandwidth. A high-speed (USB 2. 0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (57 MB/s) was introduced in 2001. All hi-speed devices are capable of falling back to full bandwidth operation if necessary th ey are full-bandwidth backward compatible. Connectors are identical. SuperSpeed ( d (USB 3. 0) rate produces upto 4800 Mbit/s ) d bi / (572 MB/s or 5 Gbps)Each node of the tree has a device called a hub, which acts as an intermediate control point between the host and the I/0 devices devices. At the sink of the tree, a root hub connects the entire tree to the host computer. The leaves of the tree are the I/0 p / devices being served. The tree structure enables many devices to be connected while using only simple point-topoint serial links. Each hub has a number of ports where devices may be connected, including other hubs. In normal operation, a hub g copies a message that it receives from its upstream connection to all its downstream ports.As A a result, a message sent b the host computer is lt t by th h t t i broadcast to all I/O devices, but only the addressed device will respond to that message. A message from an I/O device is sent only upstream towards the root of the tree and is not seen by other devices. Hence, th USB enables th h t t communicate with the I/O H the bl the host to i t ith th devices, but it does not enable these devices to communicate with each other. The USB operates strictly on the basis of polling. A device may send a message only in response to a poll message from the host host.Hence, upstream messages do not encounter conflicts or interfere with each other, as no two devices can send other messages at the same time. This restriction allows hubs to be simple, low-cost devices. USB protocol requires that a message transmitted on a highspeed link is always transmitted p y at high speed, even when the ultimate receiver is a low-speed device. device Hence, a message intended for device D is sent at high speed from the root hub to hub A, then A forwarded at low speed to device D. The latter transfer will take a long time, during which highl ti d i hi h hi h speed traffic to other nodes is allowed to continue.Each device on the USB, wheth er it is a hub or an I/O device, is assigned a 7-bit address. This address is local to the USB tree and is not related in any way to the addresses used on the processor bus. A hub may have any number of devices or other hubs connected to it, and addresses are assigned arbitrarily. When a device is first connected to a hub, or when it is powered on, it has the address 0. The hardware of the hub to which this device is connected is capable of detecting that the device has been connected, and it records this f d hi fact as part of i own status i f f its information. Periodically, the host polls each hub to collect status information and learn about new devices that may have been added or disconnected. When the host is informed that a new device has been connected, connected it uses a sequence of commands to send a readapt signal on the corresponding hub port, read information from the device about its capabilities, send configuration information to the device, and assign the device a unique USB address. O d i d i th d i i dd Once this thi sequence is completed the device begins normal operation and responds only to the new address. Read about USB protocols Isochronous traffic on USB and USB FRAME

Care Support Essay

Effective reflection on familys that develop in cargon work bloody shame is an 82 year old female resident who came to live in our nursing home five years ago she has a mild cognitive impairment and is totally independent she wears an incontinency pad and requires minimum assistance. Mary loves to sing and listen to music especially Irish traditional music and popular ballads. She remains in close butt on with her two daughters who visit regularly.Mary is a very private person and likes to spend time alone in her room. She is a very jolly chick who loves to laugh and enjoys brio. As a cargon assistant I had assisted Mary with her self-restraint needs by making her aware of where to find continence pads in the bathrooms around the home and making sure they were always available in her bedroom this protects her privacy, self-respect and independence as I know it would spend a penny her embarrassment to see to ask for them.We got on really well because we both project a love of Irish music and I spent a fate of time talking with her about music, her family and her reasons for coming to live with us in the nursing home. I also developed a trusting relationship with her daughters as Mary would often include me in conversation when they visited. I had noticed a change in Mary where she was spending a lot of time in the bathroom and she seemed agitated when in the day room I approached her and asked if she wanted to go for a walk outside as we form take one on several occasions.She agreed and we set off. ecause of the trusting relationship we had built over time I felt comfortable asking her if she was ok and she replied yes love shure ya have ta have a laugh I deviated a little with some talk about the gardens we were passing and I approached the grammatical case a stool by saying if there was anything wrong you prat tell me, and if I can help you I bequeath, you only have to ask, she replied with I dont want to be a b opposite to anyone I told her I noticed she was going to the bathroom a lot, there was silence for what seemed forever and then she told me I have a stinging pains down below I knew straight away it was thrush as I had observed from her care mean she was prone to thrush. I asked her permission to talk to the concur and explained it would require medical give-and-take and she agreed.Asking her permission protected her confidentially, when we returned to the home I approached the nurse and told her of the side she acted immediately, knowing Mary was prone to thrush she kept a supply of ointment to treat her, I went back to Mary and asked her to come with me very discretely so as not to draw the attention of separate residents or visitors this protected her privacy, dignity and confidentially . I escorted her to the nurses station and the nurse took over. Within a few hours Mary was back to her normal jolly self singing in the corner. The positive outcome for Mary during this incident happened because of the r elationship we had built over time and get to know her, being able to observe a change in her behaviour.The point was handled with just me and the nurse on duty no other members of faculty were involved this protects Marys privacy and dignity. Clear identification of interpersonal issues that can arise in care work The interpersonal issues in this situation were between Mary myself and the nurse and no other staff, resident or visitors were aware of Marys situation this protected Marys privacy, dignity confidentially and respect. Interpersonal issues between me and other healthcare staff occurred by means of informing them of what had happened and how the situation was handled. What was observed during this incident was that building relationships with residents allow us to be more effective as care assistants.The types of communication used during this incident were mainly verbal, communicating with Mary in a very discrete and deferent manner charge her at ease, and communica ting with other healthcare staff to inform them of the incident and how best to handle it should it happen again. The outcome for Mary was she got the treatment she needed in a timely manner, it highlighted to senior healthcare staff the importance of the care assistant in relationship building and ceremonial, account our findings to the nurse to get the best healthcare for the resident. Effective reflection on own interpersonal skills as a care worker Interpersonal skills used in this incident were respect and confidentially taking Mary out for a walk and chatting allowed me to discover what was bothering her by doing this it did not draw the attention of any other resident to her situation.Informing the nurse and other relevant healthcare staff will allow them to handle any other similar situation in a discrete manner thus protecting her privacy, dignity confidentially and independence. Comprehensive observation of the process of developing personal military capability as a hea lthcare assistant In this situation I was able to help Mary because I noticed a change in her behaviour, I turn over in order to give person centred care you must know your residents, individualised care is an on-going process, building a trusting relationship with knowledge of life history, likes/dislikes, religious and cultural influences are vital in the implementation of individualised care. Knowledge gained in class helped raise awareness of how important it is to protect residents dignity, respect, confidentially and independence.We learnt about the art of reflection, looking at an incident, what happened? How we handled it and how can we improve to achieve a positive outcome for the person involved. Knowledge gained in class has helped me gain skills in awareness. observing how residents behave and being aware of changes are important tools for personal effectiveness, reflection is also a vital tool for personal effectiveness looking back at a situation and analysing what ha ppened and how it was dealt with is very effective it allows us question ourselves and ask how can we have handled the incident offend and put a plan into action to bring a positive outcome for the resident involved.Personal skills helped significantly in this situation, skills such as building relationships, empathy, observation and the ability to communicate effectively with residents and other healthcare staff helped me bring about a positive outcome for Mary. As a carer there are many skills that can be developed such as communication, the ability to communicate with all healthcare staff regardless of their discipline is important, and knowledge gained through dialog with residents and their relatives is invaluable, knowing a little about residents will allow us to care more effectively completing aim 5 in healthcare support has been invaluable although we care for people every day, having knowledge and the theory behind it is important and will make for better care.Detailed e vidence of expertise in a range of interpersonal care work skills I dont know if I have expertise in any care work skills but I think I am good at what I do, knowledge is a wonderful thing and as our knowledge increases we become confident, and self-confidence is a great tool to have in care work, having the confidence to talk to other healthcare staff in a professional manner enables us to gain the best possible care for our residents, what I gained from this situation was respect for familiar healthcare staff who listened to what I said and acted on the information.I dont know if I could put an action plan in abode for this scenario but what I can say is that it is vital that all healthcare assistants observe all residents and become familiar with their daily routine this gives us the probability to note any changes and report these findings to relevant staff. Some of the skills used to deal with this situation were gained through life experience, being a father of 4 I have bro ught with me patience, understanding, and empathy to name but a few but the course has given me the ability to analyse my thinking to look at how I have worked today and how can I improve tomorrow. ConclusionAll healthcare staff from consultants to healthcare assistants must give the best possible care to patents/residents, we are privileged in our role in healthcare and everything we do must be in the best interest of the patent/resident. Being a business office of that team and being respected for the role we play is very important. Nurses are put under increasing pressure with medication rounds, paperwork, supervision etc. they cant be everywhere or know what is happening with every resident so we as healthcare assistants become the eyes and ears of the facility, observing changes and reporting in a timely manner to gain a positive outcome for the resident involved. Being heard as part of the team will make for a more effective workplace.

A Synopsis of the Movie Farewell My Concubine

Shuo Zhang Writing 1 05/6/2011 A new look on sapphicity-analysis of Fare sanitary My doxy Although humanity exists in companionable reality, the lack of its suffer truthful representation in terms of books or films creates numerous misunderstandings that pr thus fart the develop manpowert of a positive homosexual sensibility in Chinese culture. Therefore, the almost impressive and contentious part of the movie Farewell My Concubine (Kaige Chen, 1993) is its effort to break the language-less silence in search of an appropriate voice to express homosexual experience and anxiety.By showing Dieyi Chengs spiteful life against the historical backdrop of extreme turbulence in China (from 1924 to 1977), the movie critiques the homophobic pheno custodyon in traditional Chinese culture, and send for the establishment and development of a to a greater extent liberal society. Dieyis tragic life begins with his designation to play Dansroles because of his delicate appearance. At first, t his idea strongly b other(a)s him. When the famous theatrical agent, Nakun, visited the troupe, Dieyi was brought to recite his bravura role but instead of locution the correct line I am naturally a girl, not a boy, he insisted in saying I am by nature a boy.. (1757). With the future of the troupe at risk, such a demerit was not tolerable in the highly- well-worn traditional Peking Opera, Xiaolou twisted a tobacco pipe in Dieyis mouth until Dieyi whimpered the correct lines with his mouth lavish of blood. Dieyi tried to escape from the opera abode with another apprentice Laizi, but came back after seeing a performance by an opera track that impressed and made both of them long for the life of opera stars. After their return, Xiaolou was brutally beaten for allowing their escape, and seeing this image, Laizi hanged himself so as to be free from the pain of punishment.This heartbreaking experience forced Dieyi to accept his female role, and made him submissive to the headmaster . To become a professional Dan, Dieyi must have g sensation with highly intensive formulation process. Although the movie leaves out this part, we whoremonger imagine that he was taught to speak and act like women even in his daily life. According to bit Tians essay Male Dan the Paradox of Sex, Acting, and Perception of female Impersonation in Traditional Chinese Theatre, identification, given the strict stylization and codification in raditional Beijing Opera, is one of the cornerstones of performance and it is stressed even more in the art of female impersonation precisely because of the prescribed necessity of profligacy the disparity between the actor and his female role. (Tian, 84) Hence, it is necessary for Dieyi to constantly imagine himself as a woman so as to reach the standard of performance and be accepted by the censorious audience. Dieyi succeeded in playing the role Concubine Yu in his debut performance. He was so effeminate and dinky on stage that Eunuch Zhang became crazy for him and secretly raped him afterwards.In return for Dieyis sacrifice, Eunuch Zhang made the opera house the most popular one in Beijing, and Dieyi, the most promising actress among his peers. However, Dieyi was crushed after this grueling experience, as shown in the movie he remained silent for days, tucked away from his fellow apprentices, and even indulged himself more into his fantasy, into his role of Concubine Yu In the middle of a performance, the Japanese troop broke into the theatre and started to rob the audience. The stir became a huge confusion when a woman was shot to death so that the actors and workers stopped performing and fought back against the s rareiers.Only Dieyi remained on stage, continued singing and dancing, as if the shot, the fight, the impending anti-Japanese war were none of his business. This shows Dieyis complete dedication and focus on stage and within his constructed fantasy as Concubine Yu. Also, it is from this incident that Diey is sexual orientation became deviated from the norm, that he relied more and more on Xiaolou, his robust friend, who played the King as Dieyis counterpart, because Xiaolou always protected Dieyi when he encountered unfair treatment.To test Dieyis psychological development of homosexuality, we may refer to Metzger, Seans essay Farewell My Fantasy, which offers an insightful interpretation in terms of Freuds psychological analysis. Sean suggests that Dieyis childhood experience is close to Freuds trajectory of the female beating fantasy(Sean, 233) and several scenes in the movie are particularly attached to this theory is that Xiaolou was cruelly beaten after helping Dieyi cheat with a torturous training process.Xiaolou was nearly beaten to death, but remained smiling to Dieyi till the end in set out to relief Dieyis panic and guilt, which made Dieyi feel, subconsciously, like a female protected by a male, Xiaolou. They were learning, performing and hanging out with each other ever y day. Xiaolou joked that if one day he becomes the King of the world, he would make Dieyi the queen, just like the grade of Farewell, My Concubine. Dieyi, however, took that seriously as he faithfully believed that he could not live without Xiaolou.The highly standard rules for Dans performance and the horrible childhood experiences all contribute to Dieyis development of homosexuality. He became so in love with Xiaolou, that upon hearing the news of Xiaolous marriage with Juxian, a beautiful prostitute, he screamed to Xiaolou in a trembling voice I want to halt together with you forever, not an hour, a minute or a second less. (5011) Of course, Dieyi s wish could never be fulfilled because Xiaolou is not a jovial moreover, Xiaolou strays away from Dieyi probably due to his fear of Dieyis abnormal behavior which could imperil his relationship with Juxian.Being Dieyis only friend, Xiaolous alienation left Dieyi with vigor but pain. Although he enjoyed tremendous fame and fortune as the best Dan in Beijing, he relieved his loneliness and grief by smoking opium. To Dieyi, opium had the magic launch of trapping him in his fantasies, where he is the real Concubine Yu, and the King never left him. For most part of the movie, Dieyi remained in female habit and concubine makeup, because the transvestite stage of Peking opera offers a place, an imaginative capaciousness, where he could represent and masquerade his genuine sensibility.However the more he did so, the more he drifted apart from reality, and the more he suffered. He had a grueling time magnanimous up opium, because it consumed too much of his energy and mentality that he passed out during a performance. Locked in a room, he could not help but to smash all the stuff, crying for assistance and cursing the world. Next follows one of the most heartbreaking scene in the movie among a mess of broken glass and ripped clothes, Dieyi leans on Juxians lap, pale and frail, murmuring that he misses his mother .Juxian, with her eyes full of tears, answered Mom is here, get dressedt be afraid(9037). Even Juxian, Dieyis rival in love, can understand his pain and helplessness at this moment. She pretended to be his mother, giving him temporary love and support in order to help him overcome the great difficulty. And due to his loneliness, Dieyi also developed a relationship with Patron Yuan, a bureaucrat, a wealthy admirer, and a crazy theatergoer, not because of love, but because of the absence of Xiaolou. Yuan encouraged, and even indulged himself in the antasy of Farewell My Concubine with Dieyi he bought exquisite decorations and costumes for Dieyi, saying that they would make his Concubine Yu more glamorous he dressed like the King, sang and danced with Dieyi in his lavish courtyard, turning a deaf ear to the jumbled world outside. Dieyi was so isolated from the world that he even performed for Japanese invaders during the anti-Japanese war, innocently holler ining that they would ap preciate and even spread Peking Opera in their country instead, he was tortured and imprisoned for his treason by the Chinese government at the end of the war.His failed relationship with Yuan even affected him during the heathenish Revolution, because having any relation with a senior bureaucrat from the Qing Dynasty, the enemy of communism, was considered to be formidable crime at that time and, being a gay, which was considered to be a scandal in traditional Chinese culture, further aggravated his accusation. Hence, Dieyi was punished and humiliated in front of the man in his most beautiful costume of Concubine Yu.Dieyis tragic experiences must have something to do with his homosexual identity, as Benzi Zhang observes in Figures of Violence and Tropes of Homophobia, Reading Farewell My Concubine between einsteinium and West although the dominating powers were constantly shifting in China from 1924 to 1977, the discourse of peremptory heterosexuality and patriarchy has never be en changed or challenged. Similar to the victims of rape, homosexual men meet the worst injustice and violence during that terrifying period of history(104).Refusing to be settled in either the category of heterosexuality or patriarchy, Dieyi is a nomad with inappropriate identity he threats and challenges the heterosexual cultural value, and thus becomes the enemy of the whole feudal society. Therefore, Dieyis loneliness can be interpreted as being marginalized by the mainstream society, and his susceptibility to violence can be seen as a general characteristic among the homosexual minority. To further interpret this movie, we need to analyze the Beijing Opera Farewell, My Concubine, which dominated the professional life of Dieyi.It is a love story circulated in Chinese society for thousands of old age. In this tragic tale, Concubine Yu is so loyal and true that rather than abandoning her king as he faces military defeat, she chooses to dance for him one last time and then to cut her throat with his sword. From the billet of modern people, this story obviously reflects a cultural discourse invested with male dominated values(Zhang, 103), because the death of the young and beautiful Concubine Yu shows her loyalty to her husband, which is wanted as a virtue, or even a standard of conduct for women for thousands of years. The binary model of the King (dominant masculinity)-Concubine Yu (subservient femininity), which serves well the patriarchal, heterosexual orthodoxy, has been the dominating ideology in Chinese culture, which has an oppressive and suffocating consequences for homosexual discourse(Zhang, 103). To echo with this story and to provide a heart-rending frame for the movie, Dieyi killed himself in the same pattern as Concubine Yu. At the end of this movie, Dieyi and Xiaolou were reunited on the stage, practicing Farewell, My Concubine again.Xiaolou began with the line I am naturally a girl, not a boy, which gave Dieyi trouble forty years ago. Accid entally, Dieyi made the same error of finishing the line with he is not a girl. Then all of a sudden, Dieyi swiftly pulled out the sword and killed himself in front of his king. Why did Dieyi commit suicide? Was it because he could no longer withstand the agony of living? I dont think so, because 1977 was the dawn of Chinese modernization, a signal of a brand-new and peaceful era. With the hope of a bright future, Dieyi would not expect to repeat his heartbreaking experiences.Was it because he lose faith in mending his relationship with Xiaolou? Definitely not, as seen in the movie, Xiaolou and Dieyi talked and smiled like old friends at their reunion. The most reasonable answer is that he killed himself to assert his homosexual identity and to demonstrate his unyieldingness to the ugly world he lived through. According to Zhang, Deviance such as homosexuality has long been regarded in Chinese culture as a sign of transgression that demands a different order of social normality. (Zh ang, 101) Therefore, to maintain this order, anything that subverts the orthodox morality should be exterminated.In this sense, Dieyis death is an inevitable consequence, is a powerful highlight of this movie, which strikes the hearts of the audience. Overall, the movie can be seen as a modern version of the old tragic Farewell My Concubine they both happen in troubled times, and both the heroines died in the end. However, instead of eulogizing the heroines loyalty and purity, the modern version summons a hope, a pressing demand for a liberal society. If Dieyi were born in a liberal society, where homosexuality is not a shame, where gay men have equal rights to pursue love nd live a normal life, he wouldnt be abused in the opera house he wouldnt be alienated by his best friend he wouldnt indulge himself in his fantasy by smoking opium he wouldnt be humiliated during the Cultural Revolution, and he wouldnt kill himself in the end. In a word, it is the huge pressure from the conservat ive society that leads to Dieyis death. Therefore, the tragic ending is not designed to break our hearts, but to make them stronger, so that we are determined enough to fight for liberty and equity.With the fascinating story being told, what are the general messages that the movie conveys? First, Farewell My Concubine is a great attempt to break the language-less silence on the issue of homosexuality, and due to its controversial topic, it was once banned in Chinese mainland theatre. However, it still succeeds in arousing peoples attention on this issue. Second, it criticizes the unfair treatment and the general despise of gays or lesbians in traditional Chinese culture. Third, it suggests a suppressed consciousness of modernity through the issue of homosexuality.With all the blood and tears from the painful history, the movie calls for a liberal and comprehensive society, in which peoples freedom and desire can be satisfied to the utmost. Finally, it instills hope and courage to us -that we should stop complaining just about lives and cherish what we own now, because we are lucky enough to live in a peaceful and prosperous society. Meta-analysis I had a hard time cream out thesis, because Farewell My Concubine is so rich in context that it addresses several significant binaries about the world love and betray, public and private, freewill and predestination, homosexual and heterosexual.I chose the binaries public and private, freewill and predestination for my close reading essay, trying very hard to make correlations between them. It didnt work well, however, for it lacks a focus, a lens, through which I can analyze this film in depth moreover, I could not find useful secondary sources illustrating any relation between public life and fatalism. Therefore, I turned my attention to a more specific and well-expressed topic of this movie homosexuality. In my lens essay, I let my analysis create by mental act with the progression of the story.I firstly identify the causes to Dieyis homosexuality by illustrating several important details in his childhood with the explanations from Metzger Sean and Min Tians studies. It shows that the strict training process of Dan, and some childhood violent accidents such as raping and beating all contribute to his homosexual development. Secondly, I explore the relationship between his twit life and his homosexual identity. After watching this movie several times, I found out that most of his misfortune comes from his abnormal sexual preference.For example, although he is well recognized as a distinguished artist on stage, nobody really cares about his feeling in real life instead, even Xiaolou alienates him. He is discarded from the mainstream society, and therefore, he seeks consolidation from smoking opium and completely dedicating in his role Concubine Yu on stage. Over time, he is isolated by the community, and suffers from his innocence during social movement. Then, with the help of Benzi Zhangs s tudy on homophobia in traditional Chinese culture, I investigate the causes of this relationship.As Zhang pointed out, Deviance such as homosexuality has long been regarded in Chinese culture as a sign of transgression that demands a different order of social normality(103). Therefore, I conclude that Dieyis tragedy is an inevitable consequence given the general homophobic culture he lives in, and his death in the end can be interpreted as the lucky extermination of nomad, or a sort of threat, of the orthodox feudal society. Finally, I tried to reveal the implicit message this film conveys to the public.I discovered that this movie can be seen as a modern version of the well-known tale Farewell My Concubine , but with a new meaning, a new apprehension to our modern world. By bring up homosexuality, a sensitive issue that has been suppressed for thousands of years, the movie suggests an urgent need for Chinas modernization, a call for a liberal society, in which minorities such as homosexuals can seek for happiness like anyone else. Reference Min Tian, Male Dan the Paradox of Sex,Acting, and Perception of Female Impersonation in Traditional Chinese Theatre, Asian Theatre Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1(Spring, 2000), pp. 78-97, University of Hawaii Press. Metzger, Sean . Farewell My Fantasy. Journal of Homosexuality 2000, Vol. 39 introduce 3/4, p213. EBSCO. Olin Library. Washington University in St. Louis. 31/03/2011 1610. Benzi Zhang. Figures of Violence and Tropes of Homophobia, Reading Farewell My Concubine between East and West. Journal of Popular horticulture Fall99, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p101-109. EBSCO. Olin Library. Washington University in St. Louis. 31/03/2011 1610.

Love to the Country

patriotism. Custom Nationalism Essay Writing Service Nationalism Essay samples, help The concept of nationalism is quite complicated, and some scholars still debate about it in academic circles. Nationalism has been defined differently by scholars who have developed various schools of thought about it. Nationalism involves a proper classification of a group of people with a political unit stated in national terms(Allan, 2004). It endure as well be explained as a unifying factor since it aims at uniting a group of people who share common social and cultural values.Many historians desire that nationalism began in the post medieval period in Europe. According to Kohn, nationalism began in 1642, while Acton believes that it started developing during the partition of Poland in 1772. However, Kedourie contends that it began in 1806 in Berlin. Many scholars believe that it parentageated during the French Revolution that took place in 1789. This is because the French Revolution introd uced the aspects of nationalist ideas, which were brewing up during the past two centuries(Smith, 2001). Trevor Roper traces the origin of nationalism in Germany, and Hungary.From these territories, it was spread to Eastern and Southern Europe by intelligentsias. The idea of nationalism later spread to Asia and Africa. This paper seeks to discuss how nationalism lead to European interest in both(prenominal) Africa and Asia. Nationalism became one of the major developments that took place during the period of 19thcentury. During this period, nationalism was witnessed in various European territories such as Italy, Germany and France(Allan, 2004). The 19thcentury was also characterized by despotic regimes like Germany, which dominated international politics.In 1871, there was a significant development in Germany, which changed its role in world affairs. In this case, it became unified, and this made it more stable than before. Just like former(a) freshly formed states, Germany incre asingly became nationalistic, and it wanted to assert its self both politically and economically. In this case, Germany had to seek extra territories overseas. This condition was exacerbated by the fact that the German merchants wanted more commercial opportunities abroad. Hence, they encouraged their government to acquire more territories on their behalf.This trend prevailed among other European powers including Britain. France also found it necessary to engage in overseas expansion owing to the circumstances it had found itself in during the Franco Prussian War. Due to the humiliation it suffered during this war, France decided to replace its lost provinces by seeking territories overseas. Hence, France shifted its focus to Africa. For example, it occupied Egypt for sometime before the British it. On the other hand, Britain keenly examined these new developments, and it became concerned about the increased European activities in Asia and Africa.Thus, it went a head and establishe d more territories in Asia and Africa. For instance, it annexed India due to its commercial potential. It therefore annexed Egypt and the East African Coast because they were strategic. Other than commercial interests, possession of many colonies was associated with pride and power. Consequently, many European powers strived to acquire many colonies in order to cut their political strength. Indeed, this was a significant aspect of nationalism during this time frame.Lastly, nationalism also coincided with industrial revolution, and this caused a great need for markets and investment opportunities in immaterial territories. Conclusion The spread of nationalism did not stop at the end of 19thcentury, but it continued even in the 20thcentury. Many African countries fought for self determination after the Second World War, and they mainly used the nationalist ideologies. Nationalism is still being practiced even at present. For example, a rock of nationalism recently emerged in Arab countries such as Egypt Yemen, Tunisia, and Libya.These revolutions clearly demonstrate that despotic regimes still exist, and many people are still fighting for nationalism even after achieving independence. Nationalism, therefore, remains one of the greatest developments that started in 19thcentury. Love for ones own country Loving ones own country is closely associated with patriotism. Patriotism is a loyal feeling which one has about his own country. one must have a wooden-headed and passionate loyal feeling about his country. One of these feelings of one man in a country is upsurge and unhonoured. The feeling has kindled many hibernating(a) nations into actions.History is filled up with instances where patriotic people under able leadership have saved their land. Our father of nation Mahatma Gandhi bought for the freedom of our country with a combustion patriotic zeal. One must take pride in the culture and beauty of ones own country, the rivers, mountains, hills, valleys, d eltas must inspire ones patriotic feeling. He has to encourage the art and trade of his country. He must support his country as his duty. He shall never do anything that would bring trim back the fair name and image of his country. In the present context of the world the narrow patriotism is nearly out moded. ountry however powerful or large can stand isolated. The world is shining with the fast mode of communication and no country is too far away. The complex economy of the world has any country dependent on one another. Self-contained condition is only a thing of past, every culture today is what it has rowed from culture. No culture can boast of being pure. so there is no meaning in narrow nationalisation . it is safe to conclude that fantastic patriotism is bad though loving ones country for beherment and good deals is a noble act. Being elevated of India is not enough. Resolve to do something in your lifetime that India will be proud of

Advance Marketing Research Essay

When dealing with securities industrying query the essential parts are linking the consumer, customer and the public by various ways of getting information to the food marketer. The two vital parts of trade research is the bother identification research and problem solving research. (Malhotra 2010). The NFL is a sport, which is dominated by men for many years, only recently has the NFL recognize the potential audience in women. They are now acting quickly so they can capture the different segment market to cash in and also to sack women to a greater extent aware and appeal ab erupt the sport. The underlining point to the market research question is how does the NFL market the league to women adequately. Marketing research can help address the matter of stiffly marketing the league and finding out the role of marketing research when dealing with NFL.The key role of marketing research is to acquire vital information so they can react to the markets offerings, which is to market the NFL league to women. Marketing research measures the information needed and even delivers NFL with valid, relevant, reliable and current actionable information for helpful research purposes. With the absence of marketing research, it is value taking note that the NFL might have adverse effects with incorrect management closes, which can later be costly. In essence for improved decision making it is vital that market research has a role to play.Question 2A management decision problem confronts the decision maker to make a decision as in what to do. The NFL wants to increase the market penetration in the female segment in this case the management has to decide what weight should they move in to gain market penetration in the female segment. The decision that the management should make is to change the advertisement slots, which should focus on more female oriented products or brands in conjunction with the NFL. This will attract, appeal and increase the chance of women keep u ping the NFL league hence Should the NFL change or change their current advertisement pattern?Question 3When decision makers are concerned with making possible actions it is information oriented that a marketing research problem is formed (Malhotra2010). When dealing with the marketing research problem in the case of NFL, it is fundamental that the company must invest heavily therefore the NFL should harness the following MRP Promotional advertisements such as traditional and non-traditional forms of media to seize the attention of potential females who might become a potential follower and customer. Basically the marketing research problem is should the NFL invest heavily on advertising and promotional campaigns. It is important that the NFL should research exactly which media channels will be the most effective tools to campaign towards the female segment. This can be done through survey questions, interviews, focus groups and online surveys.Question 4Research questions are refin ed statements of the specific components of the problem Research Question 1 Do females pay attention to Advertisement? Hypothesis H1 Females watch television during their free time H2 Females do not watch television during their past time. Research Question 2 Is magazine a good medium to advertise NFL to the female segmentation? H1 Females buys magazines regularlyH2 Females does not con magazines regularly Research Question 3 Does female lifestyle suit the NFLs environment? H1 Female lifestyle can be influence by NFL advertisements to watch the sport H2 Female lifestyle does not match the behavior of the NFLReference ListGershberg, M. (2006) NFL studies what women fans want Reuters. online Available at http//www.reuters.com/article/2006/11/29/us-media-summit-nfl-women-idUSN2933923020061129 Accessed 25 July 2012.Goldberg, S. (2006) Why the NFL Struggles to Attract Female Fans. online Available at http//www.dmwmedia.com/news/2006/12/05/why-the-nfl-struggles-to-attract-female-fans Acc essed 28 July 2012.Malhotra, N. (2010) Marketing Research An Applied Orientation. 6th ed. New island of Jersey Prentice Hall, p.1 74.Reed, k. and Staff, G. (2004) Making sure ads play to women, too The Boston Globe. online Available at http//www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2004/01/28/making_sure_ads_play_to_women_too/?page=1 Accessed 20 July 2012.

Courage and Bravery in Lord of the Flies Essay

In amidst of the tragic events that occurs in the township of Maycomb, whiz positive theme that abide break out throughout the whole time is courage. Its presence is observed by the narrator Scout from the partisations of the rally character genus Atticus, his influence on his childrens upbringing and other the members of the community that displays such qualities e. g. Mrs Dubose and Boo Radley. Atticus Finch is one of the most prominent and respected people in the town who has strong views on courage.His exercise in the story serves as a moral backbone and fatherly figure to his children. You n perpetually real understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk near in it This quote shows his open-mindness for truth by understanding people through their perspective, and he was courageous plenty to act on this philosophy. Atticus displays bravery when he takes Toms case despite the consequences of his town turning a gainst him and his children. He represents Tom fairly in court for free, and in the strikingness of criticism and threats of force he stands for what he believes is right.Atticus is not only a brave man himself but in addition a strong influence to his children as he goes to great pains to instruct Jem and Scout to be better human beings. Youre gonna hear few ugly talk about this in school. just I want you to promise me one thing That you wont get into fights over it, no matter what they say to you. Although Scout fights other children who insult Atticus in an attempt to defend and stand up for him, she eventually learns that withholding violence is one of the highest normals of bravery.On another occasion in the face of danger when a mad dog is running down the street, Atticus shoots it perfectly yet he hides that he is the towns trounce marksmen, but emphasises that he is not courageous for shooting a dog dead in one shot, but because he had to. He disproves of the childre ns fascination with guns and believes that guns do not garner men brave. As Scout tells, My father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived. One of the most significant lessons Jem learns was from Mrs Dubose, when he was made to go and read to her and her long-battled morphine addiction is revealed. preferably of spending the rest of her lifetime and dying painlessly under the influence of morphine which as the wakeful and acceptable option, Mrs Dubose chooses to break free in an agonising way, despite of how far her sickness has become, knowing that she willing die in the process. I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the motif that courage is man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked in front you begin but you begin anyway and you see it though no matter what. Atticus holds Mrs.Dubose as the ultimate definition of bravery and she is a person he admires as having real courage. This form of bra very can be reflected back to Atticus when he defends Tom Robinson. He argues the case to the best of his ability even though he knows it will be nearly impossible for a face cloth jurys verdict of a black man to be not guilty. A different take on courage is within the community, when the fire occurs. The men of Maycomb, in all degrees or dress and undress, took furniture from Miss Maudies house to a yard across the street.The response that arises is immediate. The vocalise in all degrees of dress and undress stresses that the men do not need time to compute but come straight from their beds to help regardless of their attire. Looks like all of Maycomb was out tonight notwithstanding during this time, Boo left his place so Scout will not be cold. Then it turns out ironically later on that Boo who has been an object of fear and suspicion at the beginning, risks his own life to save Jem and Scouts lives from Bob Ewell. His courage overrides the towns prejudice to come their aid. s cour Jem runs back to help Scout, knowing he stood no chance against a drunk adult, yet he succeeded by buying enough time for help. It is essential to note how the lack of courage influences many people. The character of Bob Ewell proves a foil for Atticus, where the later is a noble and virtuous man and the former a coward. Ewell never directly faces those whom he thought have wronged him and held grudges against everyone connected to the case. His actions give evidence of this when he vandalises opine Taylors home and harasses Toms widow Helen Robinson at a distance.His need for petty penalise is his greatest cowardice, especially when he resorts to assaulting Atticus children in order to make himself feel more of a man, resulting in his own death. The characters fight for what they believe in throughout the entire book in one way or another and bravery is shown by almost everyone in times when the situation demands it. Although some events may turn out badly, courage is an ess ential and desirable quality which will always make the world a better place to live in.

National Jazz Hall

QSO-640 Midterm Robert Wilson dubiousness 1 The vagabond that Mr. Rutland is trying to manage is establishing maintaining a National confidential information manor antechamber of Fame(NJHF) in Charlottesville, VA. The NHJF was created and has been in existence for ab start one year. Now, Mr. Rutland has found that the prevailing Theatre in downtown Charlottesville, which shargons its name with a famous spang antechamber from the 1930s and 40s in recent York City, is ab forbidden to be demolished and would want to save and renovate the building as the headquarters for the NJHF.The Paramount Theatre would be where the NJHF would be located and provide a venue for a museum, archives and a concert center. This would likewise allow the NJHF to sponsor sleep with festivals, workshops and scholarships. The museum would be used to remember owing(p) jazz artists, serve jazz enthusiasts along with education he public on the importance of jazz in Ameri cannister culture and history. Question 2 The stakeholders in this check begin with Mr. Rutland himself.After that, some of the different stakeholders admit the notice of directors for the NHJF, the City of Charlottesville departments renovating the historic district of downtown Charlottesville, the consultant hired by the card, other tourer attractions in a cadence Charlottesville and in Western Virginia, they include Monticello, James Monroes house, and the University of Virginia. Other stakeholders would be the contractors engaged to renovate the Paramount, possible donors to the project, they could be private as well as governmental such as the National gift for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.The potential jazz performers that are potential members of the NJHF are also very important stakeholders. If this is not a highly recognized and reputable hall of fame, some of these iconic jazz musicians volition not want to be members of the organization. Finally, jazz fans as a whol e are key stakeholders as well. Without them, there would not be a urgency for this type of attraction. Question 3 There are three major issues facing Mr. Rutland and the NJHF. They are 1. Fund raising, 2. Building and leading a professional team to fill out the project. 3. Marketing in orderliness to promote the NJHF and extend to national recognition.In order to achievementfully address these issues the following skills allow be needed Good communication skills Since the PM lead be dealing with many different type of people, groups and audiences, they get out need to be able to leave effectively on all of these different levels. They need to communicate with government entities in order to hard the necessary permits and inspections once the theatre is set to be renovated. They will halt to speak with philanthropic groups in order to raise private bills for the renovation of the theatre along with boons to run the NJHF.In order to gain public funding, the PM will go to address government agencies such as the National Endowment for the Arts. For issue dickens, the PM will be the team leader and puzzle to communicate well with from each one group of the project team. They will have to work with the different teams to create the renovation plan. Once that is done, they will have to work with many different contractors to secure bids before deciding on who will complete the renovations. Other groups that the PM will have to communicate would include the finance team, the procurement team and the reckon team.As for issue number 3, the PM will have to work with several marketing firms who specialize in the work needed for the NJHF to establish national recognition. They will have to meet with many different firms in order to select the best one for the NJHF. Once that group is selected, the PM will be the porthole to that group for the project. Communications with this group will of course be vital to the longevity of the NJHF. Ability to deman d respect The PM needs to be to command respect from every group involved in each aspect of the project.Without respect, none of the groups will be encouraged to complete their assigned tasks. Also, without respect the project as a whole will not have any credibility. It is this respect and credibility that will overhaul generate private and government funding. Also, if there is no respect in the project, the NJHF will not gain any respect in the kip down community. Without that, why would any of the potentials jazz musicians want to be a member of this hall of fame? Conflict Resolution skills this is a basic skill that every PM must have. Without it, no project would move forward.In this project, the conflicts could be many for all three issues. If the PM cannot resoluteness the conflicts that will arise from the renovation of the theatre alone, the other two issue will never stick to to fruition. Good k nowledge of project management principles Of all of the PM principles, risk management is key in this project. If you look at issue two, fundraising, what happens to the project if a major source of funding becomes compromised? One very world example is the Boy Scouts of America. They received almost 40% of their annual budget from a donation by the American United Way.A few years ago, the United Way reduced their donation significantly. The BSA now receives only one percent of its budget from that organization. It was real blow to their ability to maintain their year round projects. In order to recoup this budgetary loss, they established the Friends of Scouting project. They now solicit donations from the parents of Scouts, former Scouts and other companies and non-profit organizations to fulfill the gap. The PM for this project will have to have contingency plans in place like the BSA has done.Be comfortable in an uncertain environment This is a huge, multifaceted project that a PM can understand every aspect. The PM for this project needs to be a ble to manage well the pieces they spot very well and have the ability to manage the pieces they are not so familiar with. They need to put the right people in place for the aspects of the project they are the least familiar. Say the PM is strong in construction but weak in fund raising, they need to find a good fund raiser and someone who is good with marketing. Question 4 I feel that Mr. Rutland does have credibility.He is a professor of History at the University of Virginia. I dont think that he would have been able to have had jazz greats, Benny Goodman and Chick Corea join the NJHF National Advisory board if they didnt feel that Mr. Rutland and the board of directors he established were credible. Having two famous jazz musicians like that on the board definitely adds credence and credibility to Mr. Rutlands plan. Is Mr. Rutland a leader? A leader is defined as interpersonal influence, exercised in situations and directed through the communication process, toward the arraignmen t of a specified goal of goals. Mr.Rutland has shown that ability in the starting signal year of building the NJHF. Mr. Rutland came up with the NJHF and locating it in Charlottesville, VA. He enlisted the avail of his fellow jazz enthusiast, and created the board of directors for the hall of fame. After that he found a possible building location that, by name, has ties to the famous jazz era of the 1930s and 19402 in New York City. This would beget the NJHF a headquarters with a credible and recognizable name. After establishing the board, Mr. Rutland went out to generate funds for the hall by applying for grants from philanthropic groups along with various government agencies.They were denied for two reasons, in check of the board members and the brevity of their existence. This could not be construed negatively toward the board or affect their credibility. Mr. Rutland also understood that the NJHF would need visitors to economic aid generate revenue to continue the halls exi stence. He found that over half a million people visit the Charlottesville knowledge domain to see many other attractions. He knew he had to work with the various venues and tourist organization to help promote the NJHF as a viable attraction. Finally Mr.Rutland showed his leadership in hiring a consultant to help answer two questions. One, what is the interest level of the respondents for jazz and the establishment of a National Jazz Hall of Fame. The survey was conducted on a national level and on a topical anesthetic level. This allows Mr. Rutland to find out if people were very interested in a Jazz Hall of Fame and if they would attend, jazz music as a whole, if people would be willing to donate money to such an organization, what services and events they would expect from the hall and what the average person interested in such a place would be willing to birth for admission.This gave the board an idea of what kind of funding they could expect fromt eh public through donatio ns and admission fees. Question 5 The cultures relevant to this project are the African-American, Cajun, Africans, and American. Jazz was influenced by different cultures and sub-cultures. The music also has roots in the development of other music movements around the world. In the US, Jazz has influenced, the Blues, R&B, Motown, Dixieland, Classical and Country music. Jazz is a melting pot of music as well having its roots in other genres.The project environment for the National Jazz Hall of Fame was a struggle to get off the ground, but was met with great enthusiasm. After the first year, even though they had many setbacks due to difficulties raising contributions from outside sources and finding out they needed at least $600,000 to renovate the theatre, Mr. Rutland and the board felt the project showed promise. Mr. Rutland did not seem to tip over up, but found other ways to promote and endow the NJHF. He tried to utilized the local tourism outlets, the NJHF promoted concerts to raise money and awareness.Mr. Rutland visited other halls of fame to gain ideas and insights into their success. He also commissioned a two surveys to gather information about the viability and interest the public would have for a jazz hall of fame. Question 6 Mr. Rutland should do the following Budget- Philanthropic organizations Since they had difficulties raising funds from these types of organizations due to a lack of experience on the part of the board, they need to hire an executive director with fund raising experience.This will recall them someone with the proper background that these organization are looking for and a higher level of credibility. This will help solidify them as a true purveyor of a hall of fame for Jazz. Government Agencies Once they have a qualified executive director and have been established for over two years, they should reapply for government funds from groups like the National Endowment for the Arts. They will be able to get enough funds so that they may even begin to renovate the theatre. Donations The survey showed that they could receive an average of $23. 0 per donation. They should pursue a low bell way of garnering these donations in order to increase their bottom line. The survey targeted individuals over 35 years old with an income of $50,000+. Perhaps they can target other age and income range along with woman. Memberships These are an excellent way to raise money. You can usually provide a few low cost incentives to individuals and they will pay a little more of an admission fee to benefit from those perks. However, at this time, without an actually facility for the hall of fame, memberships may be something they should wait on.It was recommended that they pursue Founding Memberships. This would be a more viable option until it is decided on where the actual NJHF will be located. Everyone likes to say that they were the first ones to be involved in a new endeavor. Visitors The survey found that the average ad mission fee could be $3. 50. This is a good price considering how many tourists visit the Charlottesville area. Again, until a facility if build and functional, this idea should be set aside. Budget Expenditures. The Paramount Theatre is the NJHFs largest expenditure at $600,000.Other expenditures are the cost of the surveys. hereafter costs will be setting up the Founding Membership accounts, the regular memberships (if any), the salary of the executive director and all of the operational costs of an office for that individual. There will also have to be a budget for correspondence, fliers for concerts and workshops, etc. A Travel budget for the executive director will be required as well. Performance service/activities The NJHF will have to continue to sponsor concerts and workshops.This will help them promote their mission along with getting their name out there. Offering a scholarship will help as well. This would also help gain credibility with the National Association of Jaz z Educators. disceptation The NJHF needs to work with their competition. This will allow them to learn about how they are doing things. What works and what does not. It could also break in them an opportunity to create an association with other hall of fames. This would make them appear more established. They could use their competitions success to their advantage.Schedule First thing would be to hire an experience executive director. I think the NJHFs first window of opportunity will come when they have been around for over two years so they qualify for government funding. Their first milestone could be signing up their first Founding Member. This would give them a good jumping off point to establish a large group of Members. http//businessmanstar. blogspot. com/2012/01/national-jazz-hall-of-fame-njhf-case. hypertext markup language http//www. expertprogrammanagement. com/2009/06/required-skills-to-be-a-program-manager/